Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

--- getting_started_with_color_basic [2023/09/05 10:00] – [ADD POLISH TO THE PROGRAM] coco
+++ getting_started_with_color_basic [Unknown date] (current) – removed - external edit (Unknown date) 127.0.0.1
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-~~NOTOC~~
-====== GETTING STARTED WITH COLOR BASIC ======
-===== Front Cover =====
-{{:gswcb-000.png|Getting Started With Color BASIC Front Cover}}
-Radio Shack® Cat. No. 26-3191
-GETTING \\
-STARTED \\
-WITH \\
-COLOR \\
-BASIC \\
-TRS-80™ COLOR COMPUTER
-===== Title Page =====
-{{:gswcb-003.png|Getting Started With Color BASIC Title Page}}
-GETTING \\
-STARTED \\
-WITH \\
-COLOR \\
-BASIC
-===== Manual Copyright =====
-//Getting Staried with COLOR BASIC: © 1980
-Tandy Corporation, Fort Worth, Texas 76102
-U.S.A. All Rights Reserved.//
-Reproduction or use, without express written
-permission from Tandy Corporation, of any
-portion of this manual is prohibited. While reasonable
-efforts have been taken in the preparation of
-this manual to assure its accuracy, Tandy Corporation
-assumes no liability resulting from any errors
-or omissions in this manual or from the use of the
-information obtained herein.
-//TRS-80 Color Computer System Software: © 1980
-Tandy Corporation and Microsoft. All Rights
-Reserved.//
-The system software in the Color Computer micro-
-computer is retained in a read-only memory
-(ROM) format. All portions of this system soft-
-ware, whether in the ROM format or other source
-code form format, and the ROM circuitry, are
-copyrighted and are the proprietary and trade secret
-information of Tandy Corporation and Microsoft.
-Use, reproduction or publication of any portion of
-this material without the prior written authorization
-by Tandy Corporation is strictly prohibited.
-9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
-===== Introduction =====
-**INTRODUCTION**
-This book is for those of you who don’t know anything about Computers, and would like to be
-spared the long, technical explanations!
-Using this as your guide, you'll be able to interact and enjoy your Computer right away. Later, you'll
-probably want to read some of our thorough and detailed books. For now, though, the easiest way to
-get started with your Computer is to use it and have fun doing it.
-You'll find many of the things we have you do — especially in the first chapters — are games,.
-songs, or other fun-type programs. This is not to say your TRS-80 can’t be used for practical
-programs. It’s every bit as powerful as other computers its size. We start you off with the fun
-programs because it’s the easiest way for you to feel at ease with your Computer. Once you feel it’s
-truly an extension of yourself, you’ll find it much easier to write any kind of program you want.
-So sit down and spend a couple of hours with it. Type away at it. Play with it. Try to make it do
-strange things. In other words...get to feeling comfortable with it. There’s an infinite number of
-things it can do for you.
-===== To Get Started =====
-//TO GET STARTED ...//
-Connect your Computer by referring to the Chapters on “Installation” and “Operation”, and to
-Figure 1 in your //[[TRS-80 Color Computer Operations Manual]]//((Corrected spelling of Operations Manual)).
-Then power up your Computer:
-  * Turn ON your television set
-  * Select channel 3 or 4
-  * Set the antenna switch to “COMPUTER”
-  * Turn ON the Computer. The POWER button is on the left rear of your keyboard (when you’re facing the front).
-This message should appear:
-COLOR BASIC //v.r// \\
-© 1980 TANDY \\
-OK
-(//v.r// is two numbers specifying which version and release you have).
-If you don’t get this message, turn the computer on and off again. Adjust the
-Brightness and Contrast on your T.V. set. Check all the connections. If you still
-don’t get this message, refer to “Troubleshooting and Maintenance” in the
-//[[TRS-80 Color Computer Operations Manual]]//.
-Once you do get this message, you’re ready to begin.
-===== How Do You Talk To A Computer =====
-{{:gswcb-007.png|How Do You Talk To A Computer?}}
-//HOW DO YOU TALK TO A COMPUTER?//
-In this book, you'll learn how to talk to your Computer. That’s all programming is, by the way. Once
-you learn how to communicate, you'll be able to get your Computer to do whatever you tell it. (well,
-almost).
-The Computer understands a language called COLOR BASIC. COLOR BASIC is form of BASIC —
-Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. There are lots of computer languages. COLOR
-BASIC just happens to be the language your Computer understands.
-We'll introduce BASIC words in the order that it’s easiest to learn them. When you get mid-way in
-the book, you might forget what one of the words means. If this happens, simply look up the word in
-the back of the book or use your “[[Quick Reference Card]]” to find its meaning.
-===== Table Of Contents =====
-**TABLE OF CONTENTS**
-**[[#CHAPTER 1]]: [[#MEET YOUR COMPUTER]]** \\
-**[[#CHAPTER 2]]: [[#YOUR COMPUTER NEVER FORGETS (unless you turn it off...)]]** \\
-**[[#CHAPTER 3]]: [[#SEE HOW EASY IT IS?]]** \\
-**[[#CHAPTER 4]]: [[#COUNT THE BEAT]]** \\
-**[[#CHAPTER 5]]: [[#SING OUT THE TIME]]** \\
-**[[#CHAPTER 6]]: [[#DECISIONS, DECISIONS]]** \\
-**[[#CHAPTER 7]]: [[#GAMES OF CHANCE]]** \\
-**[[#CHAPTER 8]]: [[#SAVE IT ON TAPE]]** \\
-**[[#CHAPTER 9]]: [[#COLOR YOUR SCREEN]]** \\
-**[[#CHAPTER 10]]: [[#ONE FANTASTIC TEACHER]]** \\
-**[[#CHAPTER 11]]: [[#HELP WITH MATH]]** \\
-**[[#CHAPTER 12]]: [[#A GIFT WITH WORDS]]** \\
-**[[#CHAPTER 13]]: [[#BEAT THE COMPUTER]]** \\
-**[[#WHAT NOW?]]** \\
-**[[#APPENDIXES]]** \\
-**A** / //[[#MUSICAL TONES]]// \\
-**B** / //[[#BASIC COLORS]]// \\
-**C** / //[[#PRINT @ SCREEN LOCATIONS]]// \\
-**D** / //[[#GRAPHICS SCREEN LOCATIONS]]// \\
-**E** / //[[#ANSWERS TO EXERCISES]]// \\
-**F** / //[[#SAMPLE PROGRAMS]]// \\
-**G** / //[[#ERROR MESSAGES]]// \\
-**H** / //[[#BASIC SUMMARY]]// \\
-===== CHAPTER 1 =====
-{{:gswcb-010.png|Introducing TRS 80 Meet Your Computer}}
-INTRODUCING \\
-TRS \\
-\\
-**MEET YOUR COMPUTER **
-===== Meet Your Computer =====
-//MEET YOUR COMPUTER//
-Is your Computer connected? Turned on? Ready to give it a first work-out?
-In these first two Chapters, we’re going to introduce you to your Computer —
-the way it thinks, some of its many talents, and even a couple of little quirks it
-has. By the time you finish these chapters, you'll be ready to program ...
-promise!
-Type away on the keyboard and then press the (ENTER) key.
-<box>
-//All letters you type should be BLACK with a GREEN BACKGROUND. If they're reversed (green with a black background) press the (SHIFT) and (0) (zero) keys at the same time.//
-</box>
-Don’t worry about anything but the last line of type on your screen. It should
-say:
-  OK
-OK is the Computer’s “prompt”. It’s telling you — “OK, enough foolishness ...
-as soon as you are ready ...” (It patiently waits for your command.) //You// are
-the Master — you can tell the Computer to do anything you wish.
-Give it your first command. Type this exactly as it is below:
-  PRINT "HI, I’M YOUR COLOR COMPUTER"
-When you reach the end of the line on your screen, keep on typing. The last part
-of the message will appear on the next line.
-<box>
-See the blinking light? You can type
-something wherever you see it.
-</box>
-Now check your line. Did you put the quotation marks where we have them? If
-you made a mistake, no problem. Simply press the (<-) key and the last
-character you typed will disappear. Press it again and the next to the last will
-disappear (...and so on and so on...).
-Ready? This should be on your screen:
-  OK
-  PRINT "HI, I'M YOUR COLOR COMPUT
-  ER"
-Press the (ENTER) key and watch. Your screen should look like this:
-  OK
-  PRINT "HI, I'M YOUR COLOR COMPUT
-  ER"
-  HI, I'M YOUR COLOR COMPUTER
-  OK
-{{:gswcb-012.png|"Hi, I'm Your Color Computer!"}} \\
-//“Hi, I’m Your Color Computer!”//
-Your Computer just obeyed you by printing the message you had in quotes.
-Give it another message to print. Type:
-  PRINT "2"
-Press (ENTER)... The Computer again obeys you and prints your next
-message:
-Try another one:
-  PRINT "2 + 2" (ENTER)
-The Computer obeys you by printing((removed incorrect period from example screen output)):
-+ 2
-You probably expect a lot more than just an electronic mimic... like maybe
-some answers! Well, try it without the quotation marks. Type:
-  PRINT 2 + 2 (ENTER)
-Much better. This time the Computer prints the answer:
-These quotation marks obviously must mean something. Try experimenting
-some more with them. Type each of these lines:
-  PRINT 5+4 (ENTER)
-  PRINT "5+4" (ENTER)
-  PRINT "5+4 EQUALS" 5+4 (ENTER)
-  PRINT 6/2 "IS 6/2" (ENTER)
-  PRINT "8/2" (ENTER)
-  PRINT 8/2 (ENTER)
-Have you come up with any conclusions on what the quotes do?
-<box>
-**“ ”**
-//The Computer thinks of quotes like a
-journalist does. If the message is in
-quotes, the Computer must PRINT it
-exactly as it appears. If it’s not in
-quotes, the Computer can interpret it
-by adding, subtracting, multiplying
-or dividing it.//
-</box>
-<box>
-//RULES ON STRINGS VS NUMBERS//
-The Computer sees everything you type as //STRINGS// or //NUMBERS//. If it’s in
-quotes, it’s a STRING. The Computer sees it //EXACTLY// as it is. If it’s not in quotes
-it’s a //NUMBER//. The Computer will figure it out like a numerical problem.
-</box>
-==== A Color Calculator, No Less! ====
-**A COLOR CALCULATOR, NO LESS!**
-Any arithmetic problem is a snap for your Computer. Let it do some long
-division. Type:
-  PRINT "3862 DIVIDED BY 13.2 IS" 3862/13.2 (ENTER)
-Let’s do a multiplication problem:
-  PRINT 1589 * 23 (ENTER)
-Notice that the Computer’s multiplication sign is an asterisk, rather than the
-X sign which you’ve always used in math. This is because the Computer is such
-a precise and literal creature that it would get the X multiplication sign mixed
-up with the X alphabetical character.
-Try a few more problems:
-  PRINT "15 * 2 = " 15*2 (ENTER)
-  PRINT 18 * 18 "IS THE SQUARE OF 18" (ENTER)
-  PRINT 33.3/22.82 (ENTER)
-<box>
-//Notice how the Computer hands parts in quotes vs. the parts not in quotes.//
-</box>
-Now it’s your turn. Write two command lines which will print these two
-problems as well as their answers:
-/.13.2 =
-* 43 =
-<box>
-//DO-IT-YOURSELF COMMAND LINES// \\
-________________________________ \\
-________________________________ \\
-</box>
-If you used “correct” command lines, this is what the Computer should have
-printed on your screen:
-/ 13.2 = 11.8939394
-* 43 = 4085
-Ready for the answers:
-  PRINT "157 / 13.2 =" 157/13.2
-  PRINT "95 * 43 =" 95*43
-<box>
-//Actually there is no “correct” Com-
-mand line. For that matter, there is no
-correct way of handling your
-Computer. There are many ways of
-getting it to do what you want. Re-
-lieved ... Good!//
-</box>
-==== It Has Its Rules... ====
-** IT HAS ITS RULES...**
-By now, the Computer has probably printed some funny little messages on
-your screen. If it hasn’t, type this line deliberately misspelling((corrected mispelling of misspelling)) the
-word PRINT:
-  PRIINT "HI"
-The Computer prints:
-  ?SN ERROR
-SN ERROR stands for “syntax” error. This is the Computer’s way of saying
-“The command ‘PRIINT’ is not in my vocabulary ...I have no earthly idea
-what you want me to do”. Anytime you get a SN error, it’s probably because you
-made some kind of typographical error.
-{{:gswcb-015.png|The Computer Has Its Rules}}
-The Computer will also give you error messages when it //does// understand what
-you want it to do, but you’re asking it to do something that it feels is //illogical// or
-//impossible//. For instance, try this:
-  PRINT 5/0 (ENTER)
-The Computer prints:
-  ?/0 ERROR
-Which means “Don’t ask me to divide by 0 — that’s impossible!!”
-If you get a strange error message you don’t understand, flip back to the
-[[#Appendixes|Appendix]]. We’ve listed all the error messages there and what probably caused
-them.
-==== It's A Show Off, Too ====
-**IT'S A SHOW OFF, TOO**
-So far, all you’ve seen your Computer do is silently print on a green screen. But
-your color Computer enjoys showing off. Type:
-  CLS(3) (ENTER)
-Now your screen is a pretty shade of blue with a green stripe at the top. Your
-typed command told the Computer to clear the screen and print color number 3
-— blue.
-<box>
-//If you don’t get the right colors, refer
-to the color test in your Owner’s
-Manual.//
-</box?>
-But why the green stripe? The Computer cannot type on a blue background.
-Anytime it types something on the screen, it must type it on a green
-background. Try typing some more characters. Notice that the Computer gives
-these characters a green background also.
-Colors other than green are for printing graphics illustrations. We'll spend lots
-more time with this color capability later.
-Press (ENTER) so that you get the OK prompt on your screen. Type:
-CLS(7)
-Now you should have magenta (pinkish purple) on your screen with a green
-stripe at the top. Try some more colors if you like. Use any number from 0 to 8.
-Your color Computer has nine colors. Each color has a numeric code.
-{{:gswcb-016.png|Bug}}
-//BUG: If you get a message saying MICROSOFT or an ?FC
-Error message, it’s because you are using a number other than 0
-through 8.//
-Type CLS without a number code:
-  CLS (ENTER)
-If you don’t use a number code, the Computer assumes you just want a clear
-green screen.
-==== Computer Sound Off - One, Two... ====
-**COMPUTER SOUND OFF — ONE, TWO...**
-{{:gswcb-017.png|"Sound Off!"}} \\
-“Sound Off!”
-Type this:
-  SOUND 1, 100 (ENTER)
-If you don’t hear anything, turn up the volume and try again.
-What you are hearing is 6 seconds of the lowest tone the Computer can hum.
-How about the highest tone? Type:
-  SOUND 255, 100
-OK, so it’s got quite a hum-range...hope you're suitably impressed. Try some
-other numbers. Hope you like the Computer’s voice (it’s the only one it’s got).
-You want to know what the other number is for? (Or maybe you've already
-found out). The second number tells the Computer //how long// to hum the tone.
-You can use any number from 1 to 255. Try 1:
-  SOUND 128, 1 (ENTER)
-and the Computer will hum the tone for about 6/100ths of a second. Try 10:
-  SOUND 128, 10 (ENTER)
-The Computer sounds the tone for 6/10ths of a second. Try variations of both
-numbers, but stick to numbers between 1 and 255.
-{{:gswcb-016.png|Bug}}
-//BUG: Again, if you get an ?FC Error message, it’s because you
-are using a number other than 1 through 255.//
-==== One More Thing... ====
-**ONE MORE THING...**
-Press the (SHIFT) and (0) (zero) keys, holding both down at the same time. Now
-type some letters. The letters you type should now be //green// on a //black
-background//. If they’re not, try it again pressing (SHIFT) slightly before
-pressing (0). Be sure to hold both keys down at the same time.
-Now, with the colors “reversed”, press (ENTER) and then type this simple com-
-mand line:
-  PRINT "HI" (ENTER)
-The Computer gives you an ?SN ERROR. It doesn’t understand the command.
-Press the (SHIFT) and (0) characters again and type some letters. They should
-be back to normal: //black// with the //green background//. Press (ENTER) and type
-the same command line again. This time, it'll work.
-We just wanted to show you this in case you ever press (SHIFT) and (0) by a
-mistake. The computer can’t understand any commands you type with re-
-versed colors. If you ever find you’re typing with these reversed colors, press
-the (SHIFT) and (0) keys to get the colors back to normal.
-<box>
-//Curious about the reversed colors?
-They're for people with a printer. The
-printer will print everything typed in
-reversed colors as lower case letters.//
-</box>
-**LEARNED IN CHAPTER 1**
-^ BASIC WORDS ^ KEYBOARD CHARACTERS ^ CONCEPTS ^
-| PRINT | (<-) | string vs. numbers |
-| SOUND | (ENTER) | error messages|
-| CLS | | |
-We'll put a list like this at the end of each chapter. It'll help you make sure you
-didn’t miss anything.
-NOTES:
-===== CHAPTER 2 =====
-{{:gswcb-019.png|Your Computer Never Forgets}}
-//CHAPTER 2//
-**YOUR COMPUTER NEVER FORGETS** \\
-**(...unless you turn it off... )**
-===== Your Computer Never Forgets =====
-//YOUR COMPUTER NEVER FORGETS// \\
-//(. . . unless you turn if off . . .)//
-One of the things that makes your Computer so powerful is its ability to
-remember anything you ask it to. To make the Computer remember the
-number 13, type this:
-  A = 13 (ENTER)
-Now type anything you want to confuse the Computer. When you’re done,
-press (ENTER). To see if the Computer remembers what A stands for, type:
-  PRINT A (ENTER)
-Your Computer will remember 13 as long as you have it //on// ... or until you do
-what we’re going to do next. Type:
-  A = 17.2 (ENTER)
-Now if you ask it to PRINT A, it will print the number 17.2.
-This is what just happened in your Computer’s memory:
-{{:gswcb-021.png|Your Computer's Memory}}
-You don’t have to use the letter A. You may use any letters from A to Z. (Asa
-matter of fact, you can use any //two// letters). Try typing this:
-  B = 15 (ENTER)
-  C = 20 (ENTER)
-  BC = 25 (ENTER)
-Have it print all your numbers. Type:
-  PRINT A, B, C, BC
-To get it to remember a //string// of letters or numbers, put a dollar sign next to the
-letter. Type:
-  A$ = "TRY TO:"
-  B$ = "REMEMBER"
-  C$ = "THIS YOU"
-  BC$ = "GREAT COMPUTER"
-Let’s see how sharp your Computer is. Type:
-PRINT A$, B$, C$, BC$
-<box>
-{{:gswcb-022-01.png|Dollar Sign}} \\
-//To the Computer, a dollar sign means
-it’s a string.//
-</box>
-Computer types call all these letters //variables//. So far, we’ve used these
-variables:
-{{:gswcb-022-02.png|Your Computer's Memory}}
-YOUR COMPUTER'S MEMORY
-NUMBERS \\
-A -> 17.2 \\
-B -> 15 \\
-C -> 20 \\
-BC  -> 25
-CHARACTERS \\
-A$ -> "TRY TO" \\
-B$ -> "REMEMBER" \\
-C$ -> "THIS YOU" \\
-BC$ -> "GREAT COMPUTER"
-Try spot checking these variables to see if the Computer has remembered your
-information properly. For instance, type:
-  PRINT BC (ENTER)
-To see if BC still contains 25.
-<box>
-//Try to set the computer to remember a
-letter we haven’t used yet. What hap-
-pens ... interesting...//
-</box>
-You can think of these variables as little boxes where you can store your
-information. One set of boxes is for //strings//; the other set’s for //numbers//. You use
-these variables to label each box.
-==== THE COMPUTER IS FUSSY ABOUT ITS RULES ====
-<box>
-//Like we said before, the Computer has
-it’s rules and might get a little fussy
-with you if you don’t play by them.//
-</box>
-Do you think the Computer will accept these lines:
-  D = "6" (ENTER)
-  Z = "THIS IS STRING DATA" (ENTER)
-With both of these lines, the Computer responds with ?TM ERROR. It’s telling
-you you've got to play according to its rules.
-<box>
-//TM stands for Type MisMatch error.
-It means you didn’t go by the rules.//
-</box>
-These are the rules you ignored:
-<box>
-//RULES ON STRING DATA//
-(1) Any data in quotes is //STRING DATA//
-(2) //STRING DATA// may only be assigned to variables
-//WITH A $ SIGN//
-</box>
-To obey the Computer’s rules, we have to put a dollar sign after D and Z. Type:
-  D$ = "6" (ENTER)
-  Z$ = "THIS IS STRING DATA" (ENTER)
-which the Computer accepts.
-Do you think the Computer will accept this?
-  D$ = 6 (ENTER)
-These are the rules that this command ignored:
-<box>
-//RULES ON NUMERIC DATA//
-(1) Numbers not in quotes are //NUMERIC DATA//
-(2) Numeric data can only be assigned to
-variables //WITHOUT A $ SIGN//
-</box>
-Type this, which the Computer will accept:
-  D = 6 (ENTER)
-  Z = 12 (ENTER)
-You have now added this to your Computer’s memory.
-{{:gswcb-024.png|Your Computer's Memory}}
-YOUR COMPUTER’S MEMORY
-NUMBERS \\
-D -> 6 \\
-Z -> 12
-STRINGS \\
-D$ -> "6" \\
-Z$ -> "THIS IS STRING DATA"
-Now you can do something interesting with these letters. Type:
-PRINT D * 2 (ENTER)
-The Computer prints the product of D times 2.
-<box>
-//The computer remembers that D = 6.//
-</box>
-Try this line:
- PRINT Z/D
-The Computer prints the quotient of Z divided by D.
-Would this work:
-  PRINT D$ * 2 (ENTER)
-Did you try it? This makes the Computer print the same ?TM ERROR. It
-//cannot multiply string data//.
-Cross out the commands that the Computer will reject:
-<box>
-//EXERCISE WITH VARIABLES//
-F = 22.9999999 \\
-M = "19.2" \\
-DZ$ = "REMEMBER THIS FOR ME" \\
-M$ = 15 \\
-Z = F + F \\
-</box>
-Finished? This is what the Computer will accept.
-  F = 22,9999999
-  DZ$ = “REMEMBER THIS FOR ME”
-  Z=F+F
-<box>
-//RULES ON VARIABLES//
-You may use any two characters from A-Z for a variable.
-If you want to assign it string data, put a dollar
-sign after it. Otherwise, it can only hold numeric data.
-</box>
-**LEARNED IN CHAPTER 2**
-^ CONCEPTS ^
-| Variables |
-| String vs. Numeric Variables |
-Now that you’ve learned how the Computer thinks it will be easy to write some
-programs. But before going to the next chapter, how about a break?
-NOTES:
-===== CHAPTER 3 =====
-{{:gswcb-028.png?direct|SEE HOW EASY IT IS?}}
-==== SEE HOW EASY IT IS? ====
-Type:
-  NEW (ENTER)
-This is just to erase anything that might be in the Computer’s “memory”.
-Now type this line: Be sure you type the number 10 first — that’s pretty
-important.
-PRINT “HI, I’M YOUR COLOR COMPUTER”
-Did you press (ENTER)? Nothing happened, did it? Nothing that you can see, that
-is. What you just did is type your first program. Type:
-  RUN
-The Computer obediently runs your program. Type RUN again and again to
-your heart’s content. The magic machine will run your program anytime you
-wish, as many times as you wish.
-Since that worked so well, let’s add another line to the program. Type:
-PRINT “WHAT IS YOUR NAME?”
-<box>
-//If you make a mistake after press-
-ing// (ENTER)//, simply type the line
-over again.//
-</box>
-Now type:
-  LIST
-Your Computer obediently LISTs your entire program. Your screen should
-look //exactly// like this:
-PRINT “HI, I’M YOUR COLOR COM
-  PUTER”
-PRINT “WHAT IS YOUR NAME?”
-What do you think will happen when you RUN this? Try it. Type:
-  RUN
-The Computer prints:
-  HI, I'M YOUR COLOR COMPUTER
-  WHAT IS YOUR NAME?
-Answer the Computer’s question and then press (ENTER) ........ What?
-There’s that SN Error. The Computer didn’t understand what you meant when
-you typed your name. In fact, the Computer can’t understand anything unless
-you talk to it in its own way.
-So let’s use a word the Computer understands — INPUT. Type this line:
-INPUT A$
-This tells the Computer to stop and wait for you to type something, which it
-will label as A$. Add one more line to the program:
-PRINT “HI, ” A$
-Now list the program again to see if yours looks like mine. Type:
-  LIST (ENTER)
-Your program should look like this:
-PRINT “HI, I'M YOUR COLOR COM
-  PUTER”
-PRINT “WHAT IS YOUR NAME”
-INPUT A$
-PRINT “HI, ” AS
-Can you guess what will happen when you RUN it? Try it:
-  RUN
-That worked well, didn’t it? This is probably what happened when you ran the
-program (depending on what you typed as your name):
-  HI, I'M YOUR COLOR COMPUTER
-  WHAT IS YOUR NAME?
-  ? JANE
-  HI, JANE
-RUN the program again using different names:
-{{:gswcb-031.png?direct|Running with different names}}
-The Computer doesn’t care what you want to call yourself. Here’s what line 30
-did to your Computer’s memory each time you ran the program. (Assuming you
-gave it the same names we did):
-{{:gswcb-032-01.png?direct|Your computer's memory}}
-{{:gswcb-032-02.png?direct|Name in lights}}
-<box>
-To delete a program line, simply type
-and (ENTER) the line number. For
-example:
-(ENTER)
-erases line 50 from the program.
-</box>
-There’s an easier way to run your program over and over without having to
-type the RUN command. Type this line:
-GOTO 10
-Now RUN it....... the program runs over and over again without stopping.
-GOTO told the Computer to go back up to line 10:
-PRINT “HI, I'M YOUR COLOR COMPUTER™
-PRINT “WHAT IS YOUR NAME”
-INPUT A$
-PRINT “HI, ” A$
-GOTO 10
-Your program will now run perpetually, because every time it hits line 50, the
-Computer goes up to line 10 again. We call this a “loop”. The only way you can
-stop this endless ioop is by pressing the (BREAK) key.
-==== SPOTLIGHT YOUR NAME ====
-Change line 50 so we can give your name the kind of attention it deserves. How
-do we change a program line? Simply by typing it over again, using the same
-line number. Type:
-GOTO 40
-This is what the program looks like now:
-PRINT “HI, I'M YOUR COLOR COMPUTER”
-PRINT “WHAT IS YOUR NAME”
-INPUT A$
-PRINT “HI, ” A$
-GOTO 40
-Type RUN and watch what this loop does. Press the (BREAK) key when you’ve
-seen enough.
-There’s a big change we can make simply by adding a comma or a semicolon.
-Try the comma first. Type line 40 again, but with a comma at the end:
-PRINT A$,
-<box>
-//We're leaving out the "HI, " part this time.//
-</box>
-RUN the program ..... The comma seems to print everything in two
-columns.
-Press (BREAK) and try the semicolon. Type:
-PRINT A$;
-<box>
-//Remember, if you make a mistake on one ofd the lines, simply type the line over again.//
-</box>
-and RUN... . You probably won’t be able to tell what it’s doing until you press
-BREAK). See how the semicolon crams everything together?
-<box>
-//RULES ON PRINT PUNCTUATION//
-This is how punctuation at the end of a PRINT line makes the Computer PRINT:
-(1) a //COMMA// makes the Computer //PRINT// in columns. \\
-(2) a //SEMICOLON// makes the Computer cram the //PRINTing// together. \\
-(3) //NO PUNCTUATION// makes the Computer //PRINT// in rows.
-</box>
-==== COLOR/SOUND DEMONSTRATION ====
-Let’s play around some more with your Computer’s sound and color abilities.
-First clean out its memory. Remember how?
-<box>
-//NEW (ENTER) ... wish mine worked that easily!//
-</box>
-Now enter this program:
-PRINT “TO MAKE ME CHANGE MY TONE”
-PRINT “TYPE IN A NUMBER FROM 1 TO 255”
-INPUT T
-SOUND T, 50
-GOTO 10
-RUN through this program to get a sampling of some of the Computer’s tones.
-{{:gswcb-016.png?nolink&200|BUG}}
-//BUG: If you get a ?FC Error when you run this program, it’s
-because you used a number other than 1 through 255. This error,
-like all errors, will make the Computer stop RUNning the program.//
-What would happen if we changed line 40 to:
-SOUND 50, T
-//HINT: Look back in Chapter 1 where we talk about SOUND.//
----
-Did you figure it out? By making this change, the Computer hums the same
-tone every time, but hums it for a different length of time, depending on the
-number you type in.
-Press (BREAK) first and then erase this program by typing NEW. Now see if you
-can write a program, similar to the one above, to make the Computer show a
-color you ask for. Remember, there are 9 colors, 0 through 8.
-<box>
-//DO-IT-YOURSELF PROGRAM//
-</box>
-//HINT: Line 40 could be://
-CLS(T)
-This is our program:
-PRINT “TO MAKE ME CHANGE MY COLOR”
-PRINT “TYPE A NUMBER BETWEEN 0 AND 8
-INPUT T
-CLS(T)
-GOTO 10
-==== ADD POLISH TO THE PROGRAM ====
-Professional programmers would think that pressing the key was a
-rather sloppy way of getting the program to stop running. Why not get the
-Computer to politely ask us if we are ready to end it? Change Line 50 in the
-above program to:
-PRINT “DO YOU WANT TO SEE ANOTHER COLOR”
-<box>
-//Press (BREAK) before typing the line.//
-</box>
-and add these lines:
-INPUT R$
-IF R$ = “YES” THEN 20
-and RUN the program ... Type YES and the program will keep on running.
-Type anything else and the program will stop.
-This is what the program looks like:
-{{:gswcb-036.png?direct|R$=yes}}
-Let’s look at what these new lines did:
-Line 50 simply printed a question.
-Line 60 told the Computer to stop and wait for our answer -- R$.
-Line 70 told the Computer to go back to line 20 //IF// (and only //IF//) your answer
-(R$) was //YES//. If not, the program simply ended since there are no more lines in
-the program.
-<box>
-//Don't worry about this IF/THEN right now. We'll be devoting a whole chapter to it later.//
-</box>
-You’ve covered a lot of ground in this chapter. Hope we’re just whetting your
-appetite for more to come.
-Don’t worry if you don’t understand everything perfectly yet. Just enjoy using
-your Computer.
-^ LEARNED IN CHAPTER 3 ^^^
-| BASIC WORDS | CONCEPTS | KEYBOARD |
-| Characters | How to Change and Delete a Program Line | (BREAK) |
-| NEW | | |
-| INPUT | | |
-| GOTO | | |
-| RUN | | |
-| PRINT, | | |
-| PRINT; | | |
-| LIST | | |
-| IF/THEN | | |
-NOTES:
-FIXME everything after this point
-===== CHAPTER 4 =====
-COUNT THE BEAT
-In this Chapter we are going to do some experimenting with Computer sound
-effects. To do this, we have to first teach the Computer how to count.
-Type this:
-FOR X = 1 TO 10
-PRINT “X = “ X
-NEXT X
-PRINT “I HAVE FINISHED COUNTING”
-RUN the program.
-RUN the program several times, each time replacing line 10 with one of these
-lines:
-FOR X = 1 TO 100
-FOR X = 5 T0 15
-FOR X = -2 T0 2
-FOR X = 20 TO 24
-Do you see what FOR and NEXT are making the Computer do? They are
-making it count. Let’s study the last program we suggested you try:
-FORX = 207024
-. PRINT “X = “ X
-NEXT X
-PRINT “I HAVE FINISHED COUNTING”
-Line 10 tells the Computer that the first number should be 20 and the last
-number should be 24. It uses X to label these numbers.
-Line 30 tells the Computer to keep going back up to line 10 for the next
-Number—the NEXT X—until it reaches the last number (24).
-Look at line 20. Since line 20 is between the FOR and NEXT lines, the
-Computer must PRINT the value of X every time it counts:
-ae
-<x <x KK XX
-tou we uu
-Add another line between FOR and NEXT:
-: PRINT... COUNTING ......7
-and RUN it. With every count, your Computer executes any lines you choose to
-insert between FOR and NEXT.
-Write a program which will make the Computer print your name 10 times.
-HINT: The program must count to 10.
-Write a program which will print the multiplication tables for 9 (9*1 through
-*10).
-HINT: PRINT 9*X is a perfectly legitimate program line.
-Write a program which will print the multiplication tables for 9*1 through
-*25.
-HINT: By adding acomma in the PRINT line, you can get all the problems and results
-on your screen at once.
-"2, 4, 6, 8...”
-Finished? These are our programs:
-Program 4/A Program 4/B Program 4/C
-FOR X = 17010 10 FOR X = 17010 10 FOR X = 1: T0.25
-PRINT “THOMAS” 20 PRINT “9*”X“="9*X = 20 PRINT “9*”X“=”9*X,
-NEXT X 30 NEXT X 30 NEXT X
-COUNTING BY TWOS
-Now we'll make it count a little differently. Erase your program by typing
-NEW and then type our original program, using a new line 10:
-FOR X = 2 TO 10 STEP 2
-PRINT “X= “ X
-NEXT X
-PRINT “I HAVE FINISHED COUNTING”
-RUN the program. . . Do you see what the STEP 2 did? It makes the Computer
-count by 2’s. Line 10 tells the Computer that:
-@ the first X is 2
-@ the last X is 10
-oo AND STEP 2... .
-@ all the Xs between 2 and 10 are 2 apart... that is 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10.
-(STEP 2 tells the Computer to add 2 to get each NEXT X.) '
-To make the Computer count by 3’s, make all the Xs 3 apart. Try this for line
-:
-FOR X = 3TO 10 STEP 3
-RUN the program. It should print this on your screen:
-X = 3
-X = 6
-Xx =9
-It passed up the last X (10) because 9 + 3 = 12. Try afew more FOR... STEP
-lines so you can see more clearly how this works:
-FOR X = 5 TO 50 STEP 5
-FOR X = 10 TO 1 STEP-1
-FOR X = 1 TO 20 STEP 4
-COUNTING THE SOUNDS
-Now that you've taught the Computer to count, you can add some sound. Erase
-your old program and type this:
-FOR X = 1 TO 255
-PRINT “TONE ” X
-SOUND X, 1
-NEXT X
-This program is making the Computer count from 1 to 255 (by ones). Each time
-it counts it does what lines 20 and 30 tell it to do:
-e It PRINTs X, the current count (Line 20)
-@ It SOUNDs X’s particular tone (Line 30)
-For example:
-@ the first time the Computer got to FOR, in line 10, it made X equal to 1.
-@ then it went to line 20 and printed 1, the value of X.
-@ then, line 30 had it SOUND tone #1.
-@ then it went back up to line 10 and made X equal to 2
-® etc.
-What do you think the Computer will do if you make this change to line 10:
-TO POR. X =. 255: TO 2 STEP —s
-Did you try it? Using STEP, change line 10 so the Computer will sound tones
-from:
-(1) the bottom of its range to the top, humming every tenth note.
-(2) the top of its range to the bottom, humming every tenth note.
-(3) the middle of its range to the top, humming every fifth note.
-Ready for the answers?
-° '255- STEP 10
-FOR X =
-FOR X = 255 TO 1 STEP —10
-FOR X = 128 TO 255 STEP 5
-Now see if you can write a program which makes the Computer hum:
--(1)_ from the bottom of its range to the top, and then
-(2) from the top of its range back to the bottom
-The answer is in the back of this book.
-BUT CAN IT SING?
-Yes. Although your Computer is slightly off pitch, it can warble out most
-songs. The next chapter will show you how to teach it some of your favorite
-songs.
-FOR) c:') F045 STER
-NEXT
-NOTES:
-===== CHAPTER 5 =====
-SING OUT THE TIME
-SING OUT THE TIME
-You’re now ready to show your Computer how to do two things: tell time and
-sing (... well, as good as the Computer can sing. . .). Since they are actually
-closely related — especially to your Computer! — we're covering them both in
-the same Chapter.
-Begin by typing this:
-FOR Z = 1 TO 460 * 2
-NEXT Z
-PRINT “I COUNTED TO 920”
-RUN the program. Be patient and wait a couple of seconds. Two seconds, to be
-precise. It takes your computer 2 seconds to count to 920.
-Lines 10 and 20 set a timer pause in your program. By making the Computer
-count to 920, it keeps the Computer busy for 2 seconds.
-As you can see, this gives us the makings of a stopwatch. Erase the program,
-and type this:
-PRINT “HOW MANY SECONDS”
-INPUT S
-FOR Z = 1 TO 460*S
-NEXT Z
-PRINT S “ SECONDS ARE UP!!!”
-RUN it, inputting the number of seconds you want timed on your stopwatch.
-It would be nice if the stopwatch could sound some kind of alarm. Add some
-lines to the end of the program to make it sound an alarm.
-Here’s the program we wrote:
-PRINT “HOW MANY SECONDS”
-INPUT S
-FOR Z = 1 TO 460 * S$
-NEXT Z
-i ee Le 50 PRINT S “ SECONDS ARE UP!!!”
-This is how computerized timers — i‘< FOR T = 120 TO 180
-Revie et eens 70 SOUND T, 1
-NEXT T
->90 FOR T = 150 TO 140 STEP -]
-SOUND T, 1
-NEXT T
-GOTO 50
-Notice the GOTO line we added at the end of the program. This is so the
-message would print and the alarm would keep ringing over and over again
-until the nervous programmer must press the (BREAK) or (SHIFT keys to turn
-it off.
-COUNTING WITHIN THE TIME
-Before we go any further on the clock, we’re going to have the Computer keep
-count within the time. This concept will become very clear to you shortly.
-Type this new program:
-FORX = 1T03
-!) PRINT “Xam 1K
-FORY = 1T02
-(PRINT, VS 40-¥
-NEXT Y
-NEXT X
-RUN it ... This should be on your screen:
-X=1
-Y=1
-Y=2
-X= 2
-y 1
-Y 2
-X = 3
-Y=1
-Y=2
-Call it a count within a count or a loop within a loop — whatever you prefer.
-Programmers call this a “nested loop”. This is what the program does:
-I. It counts X from 1 to 3. Every time it counts
-X, it does these things:
-A. It PRINTs the value of X
-Notice the comma in line 40. Try it
-without the comma. The comma
-makes “Y = ” Y PRINT on the next
-column.
-With this groundwork, it is easy to make a full fledged clock:
-~
-a
-(((
-TO 23
-FOR H
-FOR M
-10 59
-FORS = 07059
-CLS
-PRINT H""M":"S
-SOUND 150, 2
-FOR T = 1 TO 375
-NEXT T
-NEXT S
-NEXT M
-NEXT H
-Here’s an outline of what the Computer does in this program:
-L It counts the hours from 0 to 23. (Line 10)
-Every time it counts a new hour:
-A. It counts the minutes from 0 to 59. (Line 20) |
-Every time it counts a new minute:
-. It counts the seconds from 0 to 59. (Lines 30 and 90)
-Every time it counts a new second:
-a. It CLears the Screen. (Line 40)
-b. It PRINTs the hour, minute, and second. (Line 50)
-c. It SOUNDs a tone. (Line 60)
-d. It pauses long enough for one second to pass. (Lines 70 and 80)
-. When it finishes counting all the 59 seconds,
-it goes back up to line 20 for the next minute. (Line 100)
-B. When it finishes counting all the 59 minutes,
-it goes back up to line 10 for the next hour. (Line 110)
-Il. When it finishes counting all hours (0-23), the program ends.
-Between lines 90 and 100 you can add some tones which will sound every
-minute. Write a program which does this.
-Write a program which makes your Computer show each of its nine colors for 1
-second each:
-But who said this Computer could
-make the Opera?
-If you’re a real music lover, you will
-probably want to purchase RADIO
-SHACK’s “MUSIC” — Catalog num-
-_ ber 26-3151. Then you will be able to
-_ compose songs on your Computer
-_ with perfect pitch.
-The answers to both of these programs are in the back.
-FOR A COMPUTER, IT SINGS GREAT!
-Now back to teaching your Computer how to sing. Flip back to the Appendix.
-We have a table, “Musical Tones”, which shows the Computer’s tone number
-for each note on the musical keyboard. For example, the Computer’s tone
-number 89 corresponds to “middle C”.
-Unfortunately, your Computer can’t exactly match most of the musical tones.
-That’s why the Computer sings a little off key. . . But to those without perfect
-pitch, it can still sound very close to music.
-Type this:
-SOUND 125, 8
-SOUND 108, 8
-SOUND 89, 8
-RUN the program. It is the first three notes of . . .well you know that, great
-piece!
-To get these first three notes to play over again, we can put a FOR/NEXT loop
-in the program:
-FOR X = 11702
-SOUND 125, 8
-SOUND 108, 8
-SOUND 89, 8
-NEXT X
-Now RUN the program again. It’s missing a pause, isn’t it? It’s easy enough to
-put a timer pause in the program. Add these lines:
-FOR Y = 1 TO 230
-NEXT Y
-and RUN it again. Now it’s beginning to sound like the real thing!
-Here is a program that gets through the first two phrases:
-Three blind mice
-See
-how they
-run
-i
-eB
-\ 50
-fia
-Co
-THREE BLIND MICE
-FOR X = 1170 2
-SOUND 125, 8
-SOUND 108, 8
-SOUND 89, 8
-FOR Y = 1 TO 230
-NEXT Y
-NEXT X
-FOR X = 1T0 2
-SOUND 147, 8
-SOUND 133, 4
-SOUND 133, 4
-SOUND 125, 8
-FOR Y = 1 TO 230
-NEXT Y
-NEXT X
-“Three”
-blind’
-‘“mice”’
-(pause)
-“See”
-“how”
-“they”
-Yeun”!
-(pause)
-Finish the song, if you like. Or write a better one. Your Computer songs can
-certainly jazz up any program.
-NOTES:
-Nested Loops
-===== CHAPTER 6 =====
-A DOES NOT
-EQUAL 5S
-—~aeees
-~—
-ae
-DECISIONS, DECISIONS. ..
-ote.
-$%~
-eo
-DECISIONS, DECISIONS. . .
-Here’s an easy decision for the Computer:
-(1) IF you type RED ... THEN make the screen red
-.or
-(2) IF you type BLUE ... THEN make the screen blue
-Easy enough? Let’s make the Computer do it. Type this program:
-PRINT “DO YOU WANT THE SCREEN RED OR BLUE?”
-INPUT C$
-IF C$ = “RED” THEN 100 es Don’t be confused by the arrows or the
-IF C$ = “BLUE” THEN 200 Rewecs between Ree lines. We
-y % Just put them in to illustrate the flow
-CLS(4) <@ ~ of the program.
-END . tee
-CLS(3) <
-RUN the program several times, typing both RED and as
-Let’s see what the program is doing:
-A
-IF you type RED... THEN ...
-Line 30 sends your program down to line 100. Line 100 makes your screen red.
-At this point, we have to stop the Computer from going on to line 200.
-Line 110 does just that. It ends your program right there... Once the
-Computer gets to line 110, it will never make it to 200.
-...On the other hand...
-IF you type BLUE... THEN...
-Line 40 sends your Computer down to line 200, which makes your screen blue.
-We do not have to put END on the next line. Since line 200 is the last line in the
-program, the Computer will end there anyway.
-What happens if you type something other than RED or BLUE? Try running
-the program, typing GREEN in response to the Computer’s question.
-It makes the screen RED, right? Do you know why?
-HINT: IF the condition is not true, the THEN part of the line is
-ignored and the Computer proceeds to the next program line.
-There are two lines you could add to make the Computer ask you to type your
-answer again if you don’t type RED or BLUE. We will give you the two lines,
-and let you figure out where to put them in the program:
-them in the program:
-insert the line numbers
-HINT: The lines must come AFTER the Computer has had a
-chance to test your answer for RED or BLUE.
-HINT: The lines must come BEFORE the Computer makes
-your screen RED.
-Did you figure out where the two lines should go in the program? They must
-come after line 40 and before line 100:
-PRINT “YOU MUST TYPE EITHER RED OR BLUE”
-GOTO 20
-See if you can make one more change to the program:
-Instead of having the Computer end the program after it makes the screen red
-or blue, have it go back and ask you to type RED or BLUE again.
-HINT: You will need to change line 110 and add line 210.
-Have you got a program written? Look on the next page for a diagram of ours.
-PRINT “DO YOU WANT THE SCREEN RED OR BLUE?”
-INPUT C$ (Ss
-aoe
-IF C$ = “RED” THEN 100
-40 IF C$ = “BLUE” THEN 200 S t
-: 3 50 PRINT “YOU MUST TYPE EITHER RED OR BLUE” 8
-Xe x 460 GOTO 20
--
-CLS(4) <
-GOTO 10
-CLS(3) < S
-GOTO 10
-To trace the path the Computer takes down this program, simply go down, from
-one line to the next, following the arrows when told to. Notice the difference
-between the arrows going from the IF/THEN and the GOTO lines:
-gd SES ARBENE RNR R NERS
-RULES ON IF/THEN AND GOTO
-Baa a
-(C$ = “RED” or C$ = “BLUE?”) is true.
-GOTO is unconditional.
-You follow these arrows whenever
-you arrive at a GOTO line. \
-AAXNARAARARRRARAAAARS
-Although this chapter was short, you’ve learned one of the most important
-programming concepts. We will be getting the Computer to make decisions all
-through the rest of this book.
-é IF/THEN is conditional.
-é You only follow these arrows if the condition
-IF/THEN
-END
-NOTES:
-===== CHAPTER 7 =====
-GAMES OF CHANCE
-i
-GAMES OF CHANCE
-Thanks to a BASIC word called RND, your Computer can play almost any kind
-of game involving chance or luck. Even if you don’t plan to play games with
-your Computer, you’ll want to know how to use RND and PRINT @ — the
-words we’re introducing in this Chapter. We'll also show you some more uses
-for IF/THEN.
-Type this:
-PRINT RND(10)
-RUN it. The Computer just picked a random number from 1 to 10. RUN it some
-more times...
-It’s as if the Computer is drawing a number from 1 to 10 out of a hat. The
-number the Computer picks is unpredictable. Type and RUN this program.
-Press (BREAK) when you satisfy yourself that the Computer is printing random
-numbers:
-PRINT RND(10);
-GOTO 10
-To have the Computer pick random numbers from 1 to 100, change line 10 to
-this:
-PRINT RND(100); 61
-and RUN. How would you change this program to have the Computer pick a
-random number from 1 to 255?
-ie) 6 6 6) 8) @ 6 1% (0 m6 6, Hl 6S 16S 1; 1S! 6S [e fe. Ol Sie -e ] (OO © W! SONS IS 6 0! we & 6 le 16'S WO ©) Si 6 [e) 5S; SO) WE [0 'O: 0: 6! 6 & 2 eo le 16, 6 16 ©). 6 O'S le 1S © 6 WG: a 8 i 56 Oe
-The answer is:
-PRINT RND(255);
-A COMPLETELY RANDOM SHOW
-Just for the fun of it, let’s have the Computer compose a song made up of
-random tones. Type this:
-T = RND(255)
-SOUND T, 1
-GOTO 10
-RUN it. Great music, eh? Press (BREAK) when you’ve heard enough.
-To add a random visual presentation to this program, add a couple of lines to
-make the Computer show a random color (1-8) just before it sounds each
-random tone.
-Here’s our program:
-A, RND(255)
-¢C RND(8)
-CLS(C)
-SOUND T, 1
-GOTO 10
-We'll show you a couple of simple games in this Chapter. Feel free to use your
-imagination to add interest to them — or invent your own games.
-RUSSIAN ROULETTE
-In our “Russian Roulette” game, the gun has 10 chambers. The Computer
-picks, at random, which of the 10 chambers will have the fatal bullet. Type:
-PRINT “CHOOSE YOUR CHAMBER(1-10)”
-INPUT X
-IF X = RND(10) THEN 100
-SOUND 200, 1
-PRINT “--CLICK--”’
-GOTO 10
-PRINT “BANG — YOU'RE DEAD”
-First, in line 20, the player INPUTs X — a number from 1 to 10. Then the
-Computer compares X with RND(10) — a random number from 1 to 10.
-Now look at the arrows we drew:
-IF X is equal to RND(10), THEN the Computer goes down to 100.
-IF X is not equal to RND(10), THEN the Computer “clicks” and goes back up to
-line 10 where you get another chance. . .
-Let’s make the dead routine in line 100 better. Type:
-FOR T = 133 TO 1 STEP -5
-PRINT “ BANG!!!I!”"
-SOUND T, 1
-NEXT T
-CLS
-PRINT @ 230, “SORRY, YOU’RE DEAD”
-SOUND 1, 50
-PRINT @ 390, “NEXT VICTIM, PLEASE”
-RUN the program. Here’s what happens in this program:
-Lines 100 through 130 makes the Computer produce a sound of descending
-Line 140 CLears the Screen. Since we did not choose a color number code, the
-Computer assumes we want the screen green.
-Look at lines 150 and 170. Both of these lines use PRINT @. Here’s the way
-PRINT @ works:
-Notice the grid we have below, showing each of the 511 positions on your video
-screen. When writing the program, we wrote the two messages “SORRY,
-YOU’RE DEAD” and “NEXT VICTIM PLEASE” on this grid, positioning
-them where we wanted them on the screen.
-SORRY, YOU’RE DEAD begins at location 230 (224 + 6). NEXT VICTIM
-PLEASE begins at location 390 (384 + 6). Using these numbers in the PRINT
-@ line, simply tells the Computer where we want the message printed.
-)4 [516171 {8 PTT TTT tt ms  “
-t
-aa | | | 1 | Lt
-} | TE
-|
-Prt
-|
-+
-|
-aa | | | SORRY, YOU'RE DEAD | |
-CL Ie ielelr| ef CPbensel TTT
-++ +
-| | |
-Cc aa Ee eee ee BEE 4
-Change this program, so that if the player DOES manage to stay alive for 10
-clicks, the Computer pronounces the player the winner, printing this message \
-on the screen:
-f (01/2 3 4/516 | 7/8) 9110111213141516171819202122232425262728293031 \
-] | | | | | ] j | |
-| HH Wott I WAGED HEHE
-TO STAY Pelriviel TTT | Be
-Hh \
-le st eT)
-HINT: You can use the FOR/NEXT loop, so that the Computer can keep count of the
-number of clicks.
-Our answer is to this is in the book.
-ROLLING THE DICE
-ee
->
-N
-’
-For our next game, we'll first have to teach the Computer to roll the dice. To do
-this, the Computer must roll two dice; that is, it must come up with two random
-' numbers. Type:
-/ 10 CLS
-X = RND()
-Y = RND()
-R=X+Y
-PRINT @ 200, X
-PRINT @ 214, Y
-PRINT @ 394, “YOU ROLLED A” R
-PRINT @ 454, “DO YOU WANT ANOTHER ROLL?”
-INPUT A$
-IF A$ = “YES” THEN 10 |
-“Loser!”
-Aw = "Yes"
-RUN the program. Let’s look at it:
-Line 10 tells the Computer to CLear the Screen.
-Line 20 has the Computer pick a random number from 1 to 6 for one of the die.
-Line 30 has the Computer pick a random number for the other die.
-Line 40 simply adds the two dice to get the total roll.
-Lines 50-70 PRINT the results of the roll on the screen.
-In line 90, you are able to INPUT whether you want the program to RUN
-again. IF you type YES, the Computer goes back to line 10 and runs the
-program again. Otherwise, since this is the last line in the program, the
-program ends.
-CRAPS
-Now that you know how to get the Computer to roll the dice, it should be fairly
-easy for you to write a Craps program. These are the rules of the game (in its
-simplest form):
-. The player rolls the two dice. If he rolls a sum of 2 (“snake eyes”), a 3
-(“cock-eyes”), or a 12 (“boxcars”) on the first roll, the player loses and the
-game is over.
-. Ifthe player rolls a 7 or 11 on the first throw, (“a natural”), the player wins
-and the game is over.
-. Ifany other number is rolled on the first roll, it becomes the player’s “point”.
-He must keep rolling until he either “makes his point” by getting the same
-number again to win, or rolls a 7, and loses.
-You already know more than enough to write this program. Do it. Make the
-Computer print it in an attractive format on your screen and keep the player
-informed on what is happening. It may take you awhile to finish, but give it
-your best. Good luck!
-pr
-‘ SS.
-“Winner!”
-Our answer to this is in the back.
-RND
-PRINT @
-NOTES:
-===== CHAPTER 8 =====
-{
-T= RND (255)
-Sovowhs T, |
-lo Peiwr " ——
-INPoT AS Ol - GG
-SAVE IT ON TAPE
-SAVE IT ON TAPE
-You'll soon be writing longer and more powerful programs. Perhaps you
-already are. It certainly cramps your style to have the program disappear
-everytime you turn the Computer off!
-You can “save” (make a copy of) any of your programs on cassette tape. Once
-the program’s on tape, you'll be able te “load” the program back into your
-Computer’s memory anytime you want. We recommend that you use Radio
-Shack’s CTR-80A cassette recorder (catalog number 26-1206) along with Radio
-Shack’s Computer Tapes (catalog number 26-301).
-This chapter is only for those of you that have this type of cassette recorder and
-want to use it. If you don’t, you'll probably want to skip this chapter for now,
-remembering that the information’s here whenever you need it.
-Once you're used to it, you’ll find cassette tape easy to use. Simply follow these
-steps:
-A. Connect the Tape Recorder
-. Locate the CTR-80A Cassette Recorder, Interconnecting Cable and Radio
-Shack Computer Recording Tape cassette.
-. Connect the short cable between the TAPE jack on the back of the TRS-80
-and your Cassette Tape Recorder
-You may substitute any name for
-NAME.
-e The small grey plug goes into the REM jack on the Recorder.
-e@ The large grey plug goes into the AUX jack.
-@ The black plug goes into the EAR jack.
-. Plug the Recorder into the wall outlet
-B. Save a Program
-. Type any program into your Computer. RUN it to make sure it works.
-. Load the cassette tape, positioning it to the beginning of the tape. Press the
-PLAY and RECORD buttons at the same time until they lock.
-. Name the program you want to SAVE. You may use any name with 8 or
-fewer letters. For our example, we’ll use “NAME”.
-. SAVE on tape by typing this command:
-CSAVE “NAME”
-The motor on the Recorder will start and you'll be recording the Computer’s
-program on tape. Watch the screen. When:
-OK
-returns and the motor stops, your program is recorded on tape. It is also still in
-the Computer’s memory. It has only been copied.
-LOADING
-Reversing the process and loading (copying) the program from tape into the
-Computer is just as easy:
-. Be sure the tape is fully rewound and the plugs are all in place.
-. Push the PLAY button down until it locks. Set the Volume Control to your
-CTR-80A’s “Recommended Volume Level”. Your CTR-80A Manual gives
-this recommended volume.
-. Type NEW to clear out any existing program.
-. Type the CLOAD command with the name of your program. For example:
-CLOAD “NAME”
-The Tape Recorder’s motor will start. Watch your screen. The letter:
-Ss
-will appear at the top left hand corner. This means the Computer is
-Searching for your program. When the Computer has Found your program,
-it will print the letter F and the name of your program. For example, if your
-program name is NAME:
-F NAME
-will appear at the top of your screen. When the Computer prints:
-OK
-and the recorder motor stops, the program is “loaded” in memory. You may
-now RUN the program.
-SAVING MORE THAN ONE PROGRAM
-To SAVE more than one program on the same tape, you must make sure you
-are not recording on top of another program. This is an easy way to position the
-tape to the end of your last program:
-. Rewind the tape to the beginning.
-. Press the PLAY button until it locks
-_ You may replace the name X with any
-name you know is NOT on the tape.
-. Type SKIPF and the name of the last program on your tape. For example, if
-your last program is named “NAME”, type:
-SKIPF “NAME”
-The Computer will notify you when if Finds your program called NAME.
-When it reaches the end of NAME, the recorder’s motor will stop and:
-OK
-will appear on your screen.
-. Once you've positioned the tape to the end of the last program, press the
-RECORD and PLAY buttons, name your program, and CSAVE it.
-If you can’t remember the name of your last program, type:
-SKIPF “X”’
-and watch the screen. The Computer will give you the name of each program it
-encounters on the tape. It will print an I/O ERROR when it reaches the end of
-the tape, but don’t worry about it. You’ve found what you were looking for —
-the name of the last program on the tape.
-Now you can type the SKIPF command with the name of this last program.
-(Don’t forget to rewind the tape first).
-TIPS ON MAKING GOOD RECORDINGS
-Here are some tips for making good recordings:
-@ When you're not using the Recorder for saving or loading, do not leave the
-RECORD or PLAY keys down. Press STOP.
-© Don’t attempt to re-record on a pre-recorded Computer tape. Even though
-the recording process erases the old recording, just enough information may
-be left to confuse the new recording. If you want to use the same tape a
-second or third time, use a high-quality bulk tape eraser to be sure you erase
-everything.
-e If you want to save a taped program permanently, break off the Erase
-Protect tab on the Cassette (see Tape Recorder’s Manual). When the tab(s)
-has been broken off, you can’t press the RECORD key on your Recorder. This
-will keep you from accidentally erasing that tape.
-Now type as long of programs as you want, knowing you can make a permanent
-copy of them on tape. Happy recording!
-===== CHAPTER 9 =====
-\
-COLOR THE SCREEN
-COLOR THE SCREEN
-You've learned enough now to really start using the colors. Since color graphics
-ideas usually come very quickly to people — and the good graphics programs
-usually end up long — this Chapter just shows you how to get started. While going
-through this Chapter, you'll probably want to stop from time to time and add on to
-our programs or build your own. We hope you do. That’s a fast way to learn.
-To get started, type:
-CLS(0)
-to make the screen black. Add these two lines and RUN the program: Be sure to type line 30. We'll explain
-why later.
-SET(0,0,3)
-GOTO 30
-Do you see the blue dot? It’s at the top left-hand corner of your screen. To put
-the dot at the bottom right-hand corner, change line 20 and RUN the program:
-SET(63,31,3)
-Want to put it in the middle of the screen? RUN the program using this for line
-:
-SET(31,14,3)
-SET tells the Computer to SET a dot on your screen at a certain horizontal and
-vertical location.
-e@ The first number you type is the horizontal location. This may be a number
-from 0 to 63.
-@ The second number is the vertical location. It may be a number between 0
-and 31.
-In the Appendix, there’s a grid on your screen, “Graphics Screen Locations”.
-The grid divides your screen into the 64 (0 to 63) horizontal locations and 32 (0
-to 31) vertical locations. Use this grid in planning your graphics illustrations.
-All of this explains what the first two numbers are for, but what about 3, the
-third number? Try using some numbers other than 3 for the third number.
-Type each of these lines and RUN the program:
-SET(31,14,4)
-SET(31,14,1)
-Got it figured out? With number 4, you get a red dot, and with number 1 you get
-a green dot. The number codes are the same as the CLS number codes — 0 to 8.
-These are listed in your Appendix, “BASIC Colors”.
-Now, what’s the GOTO line for? Try deleting the GOTO line from your
-program and RUN it:
-CLS(0)
-SET(31,14,1)
-It looks like no dot was SET this time. Actually the dot was SET, but when the
-program ended, the Computer printed its OK message on top of the dot.
-To avoid this, type the GOTO line at the end of the program. It sets up an
-infinite loop (going to itself over and over again) so that the program will never end.
-SETTING TWO DOTS
-To SET more than one dot, you need to do a little planning. Erase your program
-and RUN this program:
-CLS(0)
-SET(32,14,3)
-SET(33,14,3)
-GOTO 40
-You should now have two blue dots—side by side—in the middle of your
-screen.
-Now change the color of the right dot so you'll have one blue and one red dot.
-Type:
-SET(33,14,4)
-and RUN the program. . . Both dots are red.
-Look again at the “Graphics Screen Locations” grid in your Appendix.
-Notice the darker lines group the dots together into blocks of four. For
-instance, the block in the middle of the grid contains these 4 dots:
-Horizontal Vertical
-Location 32 14
-Location 33 14
-Location 32 15
-Location 33 15
-Each dot within the block must either be:
-. the same color (colors 1-8)
-or
-. black
-In our program, we tried to get the Computer to SET two dots with different
-colors — blue and red — within the same block. Since the Computer can’t do
-that, it SETs both dots the second color — red.
-Type this and RUN the program:
-(/
-\)
-“Set Dot!”
-“Funny Face!”
-SET(34,14,4)
-Since the dot in location 34, 14 is in a different block, the Computer can SET
-the two dots in different colors.
-THE COMPUTER’S FACE
-With this groundwork, you can draw whatever you want. We'll draw a simple
-picture of a Computer. First draw the top and the bottom of the head. We'll
-make it buff. Type:
-CLS(0)
-and RUN.
-FOR H = 15 TO 48
-SET (H,5,5)
-SET (H,20,5)
-NEXT H
-GOTO 50
-This is what you should have on your screen. (The lines should be buff rather
-than white, like we have them):
-Notice we’ve changed line 50 — the
-GOTO line.
-/
-Lines 10 and 40 set up a FOR/NEXT loop for H — making the horizontal
-locations 15 through 48 for the top and the bottom lines.
-Line 20 SETs the top line. The horizontal location is 15 through 48 and the
-vertical location is 5.
-Line 30 SETs the bottom line. The horizontal location, again, is 15 through 48
-and the vertical location is 20.
-To SET the left and right sides of the head type these lines:
-FOR V = 57020
-SET(15,V,5)
-SET(48,V,5)
-NEXT V
-GOTO 90
-and RUN.
-We'll make the nose orange. Type:
-SET(32,13,8)
-and the mouth red. Type:
-FOR H = 28 TO 36
-SET(H,16,4)
-NEXT H
-and blue eyes. Type:
-SET(25,10,3)
-SET(38,10,3)
-GOTO 150
-RUN the program. This is what your screen should look like now:
-You don’t need to tell the Computer
-the color of the dot to RESET (erase)
-it.
-A BLINKING COMPUTER
-By adding a couple of lines, we can make the Computer blink. Type:
-RESET(38,10)
-and RUN the program. What you should have on your screen now is the same
-face as above, except the right eye is missing. RESET tells the Computer to
-erase the dot in the horizontal location 38 and the vertical location 10. That’s
-the right eye.
-To make it blink, we’ll simply SET and RESET th
-e right eye over and over
-again, by adding line 160:
-aA &
-Ore
-GOTO 140
-LIST your program to see if it still looks like mine:
-CLS(0)
-and: RUN it...
-FOR H = 15 T0 48
-SET(H,5,5)
-SET(H,20,5)
-NEMe Ho. eet pe ss bs fe
-FOR V = 5 T0 20
-SET(15,V,5)
-SET(48,V,5)
-NEXT V
-SET(32,13,8)
-FOR H = 28 TO 36
-SET(H,16,4) —————. 70 TH
-NEXT H
-SET(25,10,3)
-SET(38,10,3)
-RESET(38,10)
-GOTO 140
-Snowe
-—_—_£qeu
-Try your hand at some pictures. I’m sure you have better
-artistic skills than we do.
-THE BOUNCING DOT
-By using SET and RESET, we can make a moving picture. Type and RUN
-these lines to make the dot go down:
-CLS(0)
-FORV =0T031
-_20 SET(31,V,3)
-RESETGL1,V)
-NEXT V
-Every dot that is SET on line 20 is RESET (erased) on line 30. Add these lines to
-make the dot go back up:
-FOR V = 31700 STEP -1
-SET(31,V,3)
-RESET(31,V)
-NEXT V
-and this line to make the dot go up and down, over and over again:
-GOTO 10
-and RUN it. To slow the dot down — it will look a little better — change lines 30
-and 70:
-IF V > 0 THEN RESET(31,V-1)
-IF V < 31 THEN RESET(31,V +1)
-The > sign means the same as it does in math — greater than. The < sign
-means less than.
-SET and RESET opens up all sorts of possibilities — moving targets, animated
-pictures, etc. Use your imagination in experimenting with this combination.
-IF YOU HAVE THE JOYSTICKS...
-If you have joysticks with your Computer, you have many more options open to
-you. If you haven’t connected them yet, do it. Simply plug them in to the back of
-your Computer. They only fit in the correct slot, so don’t worry about connect-
-ing them to the wrong one.
-Now, type this short program which demonstrates how they work:
-CLS
-PRINT @ 0, JOYSTK(0);
-PRINT @ 5, JOYSTK(1);
-PRINT @ 10, JOYSTK(2);
-PRINT @ 15, JOYSTK(3);
-GOTO 20
-RUN the program. See the four numbers on your screen. These numbers tell
-the Computer the horizontal and vertical coordinates of your two joysticks’
-“floating switches”.
-Now to see what each of the four numbers are referring to. Grab the “floating
-switch” of one of your joysticks. Keeping it in the center, move it from left to
-right. Either the first number or the third number of your screen will change,
-going through all the numbers from 0 to 63. Move the “floating switch of your
-other joystick from left to right.
-Place the joystick that makes the first number change on the left side.
-Move the floating switches up and down, keeping them in the center. Moving
-the left joystick up and down makes the second number change from 0 to 63.
-Moving the right joystick up and down makes the fourth number change from 0
-to 63.
-This is how the Computer reads the position of your joysticks:
-LEFT JOYSTICK
-63
-JOYSTK(O) JOYSTK(1)
-RIGHT JOYSTICK
-— JOYSTK(2)
-JOYSTK(3)
-‘Be sure to type the semicolons at the
-ends of lines 20, 30, 40, and 50.
-The second or fourth number might
-change also, but NOT from 0 to 63.
-JOYSTK(0) and JOYSTK(1) tell the Computer the read the position of your left
-joystick:
-e JOYSTK(0) makes it read the horizontal (left to right) coordinate.
-e@ JOYSTK(1) makes it read the vertical (up and down) coordinate.
-JOYSTK(2) and JOYSTK(3) tell the Computer to read the position of your
-right joystick:
-@ JOYSTK(2) makes it read the horizontal coordinate.
-@e JOYSTK(3) makes it read the vertical coordinate.
-One more thing. Delete line 50 and RUN the program. It works almost the
-same, doesn’t it, except it doesn’t read JOYSTK(3) — the vertical position of
-your right joystick.
-Now delete line 20 and change line 60:
-GOTO 30
-RUN the program. Move all the switches around. This time it doesn’t work at
-all. The Computer will not read any of the coordinates unless you first have it
-read JOYSTK(0). Type these lines:
-A = JOYSTK(O)
-GOTO 20
-and RUN the program. Even though the Computer is not printing the location
-of JOYSTK(0), it is still reading it. Everything else works like it’s supposed to.
-Remember that anytime you're having the Computer read to coordinates of
-JOYSTK(1), JOYSTK(2), or JOYSTK(3), you must first have it read
-JOYSTK(0).
-MAKE PAINT BRUSHES OUT OF JOYSTICKS:
-Type this:
-CLS(0)
-H = JOYSTK(O)
-V = JOYSTK(1)
-AQ JE M3), THEN Vi = V8 32
-SET(H,V,3)
-GOTO 20
-RUN it... Use the revolving switch of your left joystick to paint a picture.
-(Move the switch slowly so that the Computer has time to read its coordinates).
-Line 20 reads H — the horizontal position of your left joystick. This could be a
-number from 0 to 63.
-Line 30 reads V — its vertical position. This also could be a number from 0 to
-. Since the highest vertical position on your screen is 31, we had to add line
-to the program. Line 40 makes V always equal to a number from 0 to 31.
-Line 80 SETs a blue dot at H and V.
-Line 90 goes back to get the next horizontal and vertical positions of your joysticks.
-We haven’t even used the right joystick. Perhaps we could use it for color. Add
-these lines:
-C = JOYSTK(2)
-IF C < 31 THENC = 3
-IF C > = 31 THEN C = 4
-SET(H,V,C)
-RUN the program. Move your right joystick to the right and the Computer
-makes C = 3. It SETs red dots. Move it to the left and the Computer makes C =
-and SETs blue dots.
-Want to make the buttons on your joysticks do something? Add these lines to
-the end of your program:
->= means greater than or equal to
-If you press the buttons when you're
-not RUNning the program you will
-get @ABCDEFG or HIJKLMNO.
-P = PEEK(65280)
-PRINT P
-GOTO 100
-Now type:
-RUN 100
-This tells the Computer to only RUN lines 100 through the end of the program.
-Your computer should be printing either 255 or 127 over and over again.
-PEEK tells the Computer to look at a certain spot in its memory to see what
-number’s there. We had it look at the number in location 65280. As long as
-youre not pressing either of the buttons, this spot contains the number 255 or
-.
-Press the left button. When you press it, this memory location contains either
-the number 126 or 254.
-Press the right button. This makes this memory location contain either the
-number 125 or 253.
-Using this information, you can make the computer do whatever you want
-when you press one of the buttons. We'll make it go back to line 10 and CLS(0)
-—clear the screen to black — when you press the left button. Change lines 110
-and 120:
-IFP
-IF P
-THEN 10
-THEN 10
-Delete line 90 and add this line:
-GOTO 20
-RUN the program. Start your paintings. Press the left button when you want
-to clear the screen and start over again.
-‘
-SET
-RESET
-JOYSTK
-PEEK
-NOTES:
-===== CHAPTER 10 =====
-SS
-ONE FANTASTIC TEACHER
-e
-epecece
-a
-'e
-e'
-“canes
-e
-A
-ONE FANTASTIC TEACHER
-Your Computer has all the attributes of a natural born teacher. After all, it’s
-patient, tireless, and detail conscious (. . . perhapsa bit nit-picky . . .). Depend-
-ing on the programmer — we’re talking about you, of course — it can be
-imaginative, consoling, and quite enthusiastic.
-So lets get on with it! We can use RND to get the Computer to drill us on one
-math problem after the next. Type:
-> 10 CLS
-| 20 X = RND(15)
-Y = RND(15)
-PRINT “WHAT IS” X “*” Y
-INPUT A
-IF A = X * Y THEN 90
-PRINT “THE ANSWER IS” X*Y
-PRINT “BETTER LUCK NEXT TIME”
-GOTO 100
-> 90 PRINT “CORRECT!!!”
-: > 100 PRINT “PRESS <ENTER> WHEN READY FOR ANOTHER”
-INPUT A$ :
-GOTO 10
-ay)
-This program will drill you on your multiplication tables, from 1 to 15, and
-check your answers.
-How would you change this program to get the Computer to drill you on
-addition problems from 1 to 100:
-Here’s the lines we changed:
-X RND(100)
-¥ RND(100)
-PRINT “WHAT IS” X “+” Y
-INPUT A
-IF A = X + Y THEN 90
-PRINT “THE ANSWER IS” X + Y
-To make the program a little more interesting we can have the Computer keep
-a running total of all the correct answers. Type:
--7 = T Has
-C=C +1
-PRINT “THAT IS” C “OUT OF” T “CORRECT ANSWERS”
-T keeps a count of all the questions the Computer asks you. When you first
-RUN the program T equals zero. Then, everytime the Computer gets to line 15,
-it adds 1 to T.
-C does just about the same thing. It keeps a count of the number of correct
-answers. Since it is on line 95, the Computer will not increase C unless you get _ When you first turn on the Computer,
-i _ all numeric variables equal 0. Also, —
-a correct answer. when you type NEW CENTER), all
-_ numeric variables equal0.
-There are many ways to make this program more entertaining. Add some lines = aoa
-to the program which will get the Computer to do one or more of the following:
-. Call you by name
-. Reward your correct answer with a sound and light show
-. Print the problem and messages attractively on your screen. (Use PRINT @ veges Tia Ree
-for this). _ There are many variations you could —
-_ try with this prograr
-. Keep a running total of the percent of correct answers. _ the Computer could
-. End the program if you get 10 answers in a row correct. is wee eee
-Use your imagination on this one. We have a program in back which does all
-five of the above.
-FIRST BUILD YOUR COMPUTER’S VOCABULARY...
-To build your Computer’s vocabulary (so that it can build yours!) type and
-RUN this program:
-DATA APPLES, ORANGES, PEARS
-FOR X = 1 TO 3
-READ F$
-NEXT X
-So what happened? Nothing? Nothing that you can see, that is. To see what the
-Computer is doing, add this line and RUN it:
-PRINT “FS = :” F$
-Line 30 tells the Computer to:
-. Look for a DATA line
-. READ the first item in the list — APPLES
-. Give APPLES an F$ label
-. “Cross out” APPLES
-The second time the Computer gets to line 30 it is told to do the same things:
-. Look for a DATA line
-. READ the first item — this time it is ORANGES
-. Give ORANGES the F$ label
-. “Cross out” ORANGES
-This is what is happening in your Computer’s memory when you RUN the
-program:
-YOUR COMPUTER’S MEMORY
-oe FS emp APPLES
-ya
-ORANGES
-PEJKRS
-What if you want the Computer to READ the same list over again? It’s already
-crossed everything out ... Type:
-GOTO 10
-and RUN the program. It prints 70D ERROR IN 30. OD means Out of Data.
-The Computer has already crossed out its Data.
-Type this line and RUN the program:
-RESTORE
-Now it’s as if the Computer never crossed anything out. The Computer will
-READ the list over and over again.
-The nice thing about DATA lines is that you can put them anywhere you want
-in the program. RUN each of these programs:
-DATA APPLES 10 DATA APPLES, ORANGES
-DATA ORANGES 20 DATA PEARS
-FORX =1T03 30 FORX =1T03
-READ F$ 40 READ F$
-PRINT “F$ = :” F$ 50 PRINT “F$ = :” F$
-NEXT X 60 NEXT X
-DATA PEARS
-Remember how to make the Computer
-pause while RUNning a program?
-Press (SHIFT) © Press any key to get it
-to continue.
-FORX =1T03 30 FORX = 1T03
-READ F$ 40 READ F$
-PRINT “F$ = :” F$ 50 PRINT “FS = :” F$
-NEXT X 60 NEXT X
-DATA APPLES 70 DATAAPPLES, ORANGES, PEARS
-DATA ORANGES
-DATA PEARS
-“Cataclysmic!”
-They all work the same, don’t they? This knowledge should be handy for
-something...
-..NOW HAVE IT BUILD YOUR VOCABULARY
-Here’s some words and definitions you might want to be tested on:
-Words Definitions
-DATA TACITURN, HABITUALLY UNTALKATIVE
-DATA LOQUACIOUS, VERY TALKATIVE
-DATA VOCIFEROUS, LOUD AND VEHEMENT
-DATA TERSE, CONCISE
-DATA EFFUSIVE, DEMONSTRATIVE OR GUSHY
-Now to get the Computer to pick out a word at random from the list. Hmmm... .
-there are ten items in the list. Maybe this will work:
-N = RND(10)
-FORX=1TON
-(% READ A$
-NEXT X
-PRINT “THE RANDOM WORD IS :” A$
-RUN it a couple of times to see if it works.
-It doesn’t quite work like we want it to. The Computer is just as likely to stop at
-a definition as a word. What we really want the Computer to do is to pick a
-random word from items 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9.
-Fortunately, there is a word which will explain this to the Computer. Type:
-IF INT(N/2) = N/2 THENN=N-—1
-RUN the program a few times. It should work now.
-INT tells the Computer to only look at the whole portion of the number and
-ignore the decimal part. For instance, the Computer sees INT(3.9) as 3.
-Here’s how line 65 works. Say the random number the Computer picks is 10.
-The Computer does this calculation:
-INT(10/2) = 10/2
-INT(5) = 5
-=5
-Since this is true, 5 does equal 5, the Computer completes the THEN portion of
-the line and makes N equal to 9 (10 — 1).
-However, if the Computer picks 9, it does this:
-INT(9/2) = 9/2
-INT(4.5) = 4.5
-= 45
-Since this is not true, 4 does not equal 4.5, the Computer doesn’t subtract 1 from
-N. 9 remains 9.
-Now that the Computer is able to READ a random word, it must also READ the
-word’s definition. You can do this simply by adding these lines to the end of the
-program:
-READ B$
-PRINT “THE DEFINITION IS :” BS
-RUN it several times now. To get the Computer to print one random word and
-definition after the next, add this line to the beginning of the program:
-CLEAR 100
-to give the Computer plenty of string space. And add these lines to the end of
-the program:
-RESTORE
-GOTO 60
-So that the Computer can pick out a new random word and its definition froma
-Oi;
-clean slate of data items.
-Here is the way the entire program looks now:
-CLEAR
-DATA TACITURN, HABITUALLY UNTALKATIVE
-DATA LOQUACIOUS, VERY TALKATIVE
-DATA VOCIFEROUS, LOUD AND VEHEMENT
-DATA TERSE, CONCISE
-DATA EFFUSIVE, DEMONSTRATIVE OR GUSHY
-N = RND(10)
-IF INT(N/2) = N/2 THENN=N-—-1
-FORX =1TON
-C 80 READ A$
-NEXT X
-PRINT “A RANDOM WORD IS :” A$
-READ B$
-PRINT “ITS DEFINITION IS :” BS
-RESTORE
-GOTO 60
-Want to complete this program? Try it before turning the page to see ours.
-Program it so that the Computer will:
-PRINT the definition ONLY
-i
-. Ask you for the word
-. Compare the word with the correct random word
-,
-Tell you if your answer is correct. If your answer is incorrect, have it
-PRINT the correct word.
-HEHE aE ESA ASCH HCPA EES HICH HS CIECH HIC HACC COE a ARCH 2 2 2A 2K HACK OK ooh a a aK a a a aaa CHIC HACC a aE aaa ak a ARCHIE a aK a aR AICS Ke ae ae ake ak ke ae ease ae ae skeoke ate ok
-Here’s our program:
-ro koe
-CLEAR 500
-DATA TACITURN, HABITUALLY UNTALKATIVE
-DATA LOQUACIOUS, VERY TALKATIVE
-DATA VOCIFEROUS, LOUD AND VEHEMENT
-DATA TERSE, CONCISE
-DATA EFFUSIVE, DEMONSTRATIVE OR GUSHY
-N = RND(10)
-IF INT(N/2) = N/2 THENN=N-—1
-FORX = 1TON |
-READ A$
-NEXT X
-READ B$
-PRINT “WHAT WORD MEANS :” B$
-RESTORE
-INPUT R$
-IF R$ = A$ THEN 190
-PRINT “WRONG”
-PRINT “THE CORRECT WORD IS :” A$
-GOTO 60
-PRINT “CORRECT”
-GOTO 60
-Feel free to dress the program up with —
-_a good looking screen format, sound, —
-DATA
-READ
-RESTORE
-INT
-CLEAR
-NOTES:
-===== CHAPTER 11 =====
- AX {BY +: ©) =.D'+ E(G/W) =F
-veeooes
-a
-HELP WITH MATH
-Solving complicated math formulas with super speed and precision is an area
-where your Computer shines. But before driving yourself crazy typing a bunch
-of math formulas, there are some shortcuts and hints you'll probably want to
-know about.
-One easy way to handle complicated math formulas is by using SUBROU-
-TINES. Type and RUN this program:
-PRINT “EXECUTING THE MAIN PROGRAM”
-GOSUB 500
-PRINT “NOW BACK IN THE MAIN PROGRAM”
-END
-PRINT “EXECUTING THE SUBROUTINE”
-RETURN
-Line 20 tells the Computer to GO to the SUBroutine beginning at line 500.
-RETURN tells the Computer to return back to the BASIC word immediately
-following GOSUB.
-Delete line 40 and see what happens when you RUN the program.
-Did you delete it?
-See something different about
-INPUT? We can have the Computer
-PRINT a message before waiting for
-us to INPUT something.
-If you did, this is what’s on your screen:
-EXECUTING THE MAIN PROGRAM
-EXECUTING THE SUBROUTINE
-NOW BACK IN THE MAIN PROGRAM
-EXECUTING THE SUBROUTINE
-?RG ERROR IN 510
-RG means RETURN without GOSUB. Can you see why deleting END in line
-would cause this error?
-At first, the Computer went through the program just like it did before you
-deleted the END line. It was sent to the subroutine in line 500 by GOSUB and
-it returned to the BASIC word immediately following GOSUB.
-Then, since you deleted END, it went to the next line in the program which was
-the subroutine. When it got to RETURN, it did not know where to return to,
-since this time it had not been sent to the subroutine by a GOSUB.
-Here’s a subroutine which raises a number to any power you want:
-ee oO
-INPUT “TYPE A NUMBER”; N
-INPUT “TYPE THE POWER YOU WANT IT RAISED TO”; P
-GOSUB 2000
-PRINT: PRINT N” TO THE” P’” POWERIS” E
-GOTO 10
-> 2000 REM FORMULA FOR RAISING A NUMBER TO A POWER
-E=1
-FORX =1TOP
-E=E*N
-NEXT X
-IF P = OTHENE =1
-RETURN
-Notice we introduced a couple of new things in the program.
-Look at line 40. If you find it easier, you can combine two or more program lines
-into one, using a colon to separate the two lines. Line 40 contains the two lines:
-PRINT
-and
-PRINT N” TO THE” P” POWERIS” E
-Line 2000 has something else new — REM.
-REM doesn’t mean anything to the Computer. The Computer ignores any line
-beginning with REM. You can put REM lines anywhere you want in your
-program, so that you can remember what the program does. These REM lines
-will make no difference to the way the program works.
-If you don’t believe us, add these lines and RUN the program to see if they
-make any difference:
-REM THIS IS A PECULIAR PROGRAM,
-REM THIS LINE SHOULD MESS UP THE PROGRAM
-REM THE NEXT LINE KEEPS THE SUBPROGRAM SEPARATED
-Satisfied? ... Good.
-Change the program so that the Computer prints a table of squares (a number
-to the power of 2) for numbers, say, from 2 to 10.
-é
-The answer is in the back of the book.
-en
-_ PRINT by itself tells the Computer to
-GIVE THE COMPUTER A LITTLE HELP
-As math formulas get more complex, your Computer will need some help
-understanding them. For example, what if you want the Computer to solve this
-problem:
-Divide the sum of 13 + 3 by 8
-The word “operation” means some-
-thing you’re getting the Computer to You might want the Computer to solve the problem like this:
-do. Here, we’re talking about the
-“operations” of adding, aL! 13 + 3/8 = 16/8 =2
-multiplying, and dividing.
-But your Computer solves it differently. Type this command line:
-PRINT 13 + 3/8 (ENTER)
-What the Computer did was logical according to its rules:
-CoS eee ee
-RULES ON ARITHMETIC
-. any multiplication and division operations are solved first
-. addition and subtraction operations are solved last
-The Computer solves arithmetic problems in this order 0
-aa aT,
-\> in case of a tie (that is, more than one multiplication/division or addition/subtrac- 0
-tion operation) the operations are performed from left to right ;
-WAAAARAARAARAAAAAA
-In the problem above the Computer followed its rules. It performed the division
-operation first (3/8 = .375) and then the addition (13 + .875 = 13.375). To get
-the Computer to solve the problem differently, you can use parenthesis. Type
-this line:
-PRINT (13 + 3)/8 (ENTER) ~ -
-Whenever the Computer sees an operation in parenthesis, it solves that before
-solving anything else.
-What do you think the Computer will PRINT as the answers to each of these
-problems:
-Finished? Type each of the command lines to check your answers.
-What if you want the Computer to solve this problem?
-Divide 10 minus the difference of 5 minus 1 by 2
-That is what you’re actually asking the Computer to do:
-G0 = (5 — 1))'7-2
-When the Computer sees a problem with more than one set of parenthesis, it
-solves the inside parenthesis and then moves to the outside parenthesis. In
-other words, it does this:
-ao — BR) / 2
-es 6/2=3
-ANANRRARRARRARAAVLAY
-RULES ON PARENTHESIS
-. When the Computer sees a problem containing parenthesis, it solves the
-\ operation inside the parenthesis BEFORE solving the rest of the
-operations.
-. If there are parenthesis inside parenthesis, the Computer solves the
-innermost parenthesis first and works its way out. ¢
-ARARARAAAAAAAAAAALA
-AAA
-Insert parenthesis in the problem below so that the Computer will PRINT 28 as
-the answer: ‘
-Answer:
-PRINT 30° '(97— (8° = (7 —"6)))
-IS SAVING WORTH IT?
-With what you’ve learned in this chapter, you can let the Computer do all the
-math by putting complicated math formulas in your subroutines. The program
-below uses two subroutines. It’s for those of you who save by putting the same
-amount of money in the bank each month:
-INPUT “YOUR MONTHLY DEPOSIT”; D
-INPUT “BANK'S ANNUAL INTEREST RATE”; I
-I= 1/12* 01
-INPUT “NUMBER OF DEPOSITS”; P
-GOSUB 1000
-PRINT “YOU WILL HAVE $” FV“ IN” P “ MONTHS”
-END
-REM COMPOUND MONTHLY INTEREST FORMULA
-N=1+1]1
-GOSUB 2000
-FV = D* (E -— 1/1)
-RETURN
-REM FORMULA FOR RAISING A NUMBER TO A POWER
-E=1
-FOR X = 1T0OP
-E=E*N
-NEXT X
-IF P= OTHENE = 1
-RETURN
-Notice that we have one subprogram “calling” another subroutine. This is
-perfectly OK with the Computer as long as you have a GOSUB to send the
-Computer to each subroutine, and a RETURN in each subroutine to return the
-| |
-“A PENNY SAVED...”
-iio.
-Computer to the BASIC word following each GOSUB.
-If you will be using your Computer a lot to help with math or accounting, you
-might want to save all your math formulas on tape as subroutines. Then, when
-you are writing a program that uses one of them, simply load the subroutine
-from tape — it’ll then be part of your program.
-GOSUB
-RETURN
-REM
-Cv) Order of operations
-NOTES:
-ae
-===== CHAPTER 12 =====
-A GIFT WITH WORDS
-on
-me
-A GIFT WITH WORDS
-One of your Computer’s greatest skills is its gift with words. It can tirelessly
-twist, combine, or separate words to anything you want. Because of this gift,
-you can teach it to read, write, and even carry on a halfway decent conversa-
-tion.
-For starters, see what you think of this:
-PRINT “TYPE A SENTENCE”
-INPUT S$
-PRINT “YOUR SENTENCE HAS ” LEN(S$) ‘\ CHARACTERS”
-INPUT “WANT TO TRY ANOTHER”; A$
-IF AS = “YES” THEN 10
-Impressed? LEN(S$) tells the Computer to compute the LENgth of the string
-S$— your sentence. Your obedient Computer counts every single character in
-the sentence, including spaces and punctuation marks.
-Here’s another skill it has. Erase your program and type this to make it
-compose a poem (of sorts):
-, AS i=)>A. ROSE’
-BS Say NS uy
-C$ = “IS A ROSE”
-DS = BS + C$
-E$ = “AND SO FORTH AND SO ON”
-FS = A$ + D$ + DS + BS + EG
-PRINT F$ 113
-Here the Computer combines strings. The plus sign tells it to do this. D$
-combines B$ and C$ to get “IS A ROSE”, and you can see what strings are
-combined to form F$.
-A word of caution about combining strings — add this line to your program and
-RUN it:
-G$ = F$ + F$ + F$ + FS + FS + FS + FS
-When you RUN this program, the Computer prints 70S ERROR IN 80. OS
-means Out of String Space. The Computer only reserves about 50 characters
-for working with strings. Add this line to the beginning of the program for
-reserving plenty of string space:
-CLEAR 500
-RUN the program again. This takes care of the first problem, but there’s still
-another.
-This time the Computer prints 7LS ERROR IN 80. LS means string too long.
-Line 80 asks the Computer to form a string — G$ — with more than 255
-characters. Your Computer simply can’t manage to remember a string with
-that many characters.
-Now that the Computer has combined strings, let’s get it to take one apart.
-Type and RUN this program:
-INPUT “TYPE A WORD”; W$
-PRINT “THE FIRST LETTER IS : ” LEFT$ (W$,1)
-PRINT “THE LAST 2 LETTERS ARE : ” RIGHTS (W$,2)
-GOTO 10
-Here’s what your Computer is doing:
-In line 10 you INPUT a string for W$. Let’s say the string is MACHINE:
-COMPUTER MEMORY
-W$ — > MACHINE
-Your Computer then performs several calculations in lines 20 and 30 to get the
-first LEFT letter and the last 2 RIGHT letters of the string:
-LEFT$ (W$,1) RIGHT$ (W$,2)
-Try RUNning the program a few times until you get the hang of it.
-Add this line to the program:
-CLEAR 500
-So that your Computer will set aside plenty of space for working with strings.
-Now INPUT a sentence rather than a word.
-Pee She hae ete 8 SUPT Se AR ee eee. BBO eh Ore Ne a) Gps eie, eS he] me he MEN ab ame 6.6.0 ewan g letuieleve, eR p.e7 0 ile te) Sioce. eo ellene tele: sre lee ie lalelecoieneiw bce te
-How would you change lines 20 and 30 so that the Computer will give you the
-first 5 letters and the last 6 letters of your string?
-Answers:
-PRINT “THE FIRST FIVE LETTERS ARE :” LEFT$ (W$,5)
-PRINT “THE LAST SIX LETTERS ARE :” RIGHT$ (W$,6)
-PES IAT GS POO Se OR SB) 8 i658. OO Oe ee ee 6 8\'e (a8 eM) 80) 0 6h am A / eT Si. 6) 8) C0. ¥@ 16 ere) pole \al.e; (al eie\s V6 eF¥! &'@ opie lh ae 6.66026, 6 e18\ ep alee ple elie (e706 btere pile elenm
-‘i oe
-Remember how to erase a program?
-Type:
-NEW (ENTER
-Erase your program and type this one:
-CLEAR 500
-INPUT “TYPE A SENTENCE”; S$
-PRINT “TYPE A NUMBER FROM 1 TO ” LEN(S$)
-INPUT X
-PRINT “THE MIDSTRING WILL BEGIN WITH CHARACTER ” X
-PRINT “TYPE A NUMBER FROM 1 TO ” LEN(S$) — X + 1
-INPUT Y
-PRINT “THE MIDSTRING WILL BE” Y “CHARACTERS LONG”
-PRINT “THIS MIDSTRING IS :” MID$(S$,X,Y)
-GOTO 20
-RUN this program a few times to see if you can figure out how MID$ works.
-Here’s how the program works. Say you INPUT “HERE IS A STRING” for your
-sentence:
-YOUR COMPUTER’S MEMORY
-S$ ef» HERE IS A STRING
-In line 30, the computer first calculates the LENgth of S$ — 16 characters. It
-then asks you to choose a number from 1 to 16. Let’s say you pick the number 6.
-The Computer then, in line 60, asks you to pick another number from 1 to 11
-(16-6) plus 1. Say you pick the number 4.
-YOUR COMPUTER’S MEMORY
-Xe 6
-Y——> 4
-In line 90, the Computer gives you a MID string of S$ which begins at character
-number 6 and is 4 characters long:
-2 3 4 5 6 7 i Bi 10 26ll V2 ATS) AA SE EG
-A MERRY CE bea Sat Lo Ne G
-MID$(S$,6,4)
-Here’s something else you can do with MID$. Erase your program and type:
-INPUT “TYPE A SENTENCE”; S$
-INPUT “TYPE A WORD IN THE SENTENCE”; W$
-L = LEN(W$)
-FOR X = 1 TO LEN(S$)
-IF MID$(S$,X,L) = W$ THEN 90
-NEXT X
-PRINT “YOUR WORD ISN’T IN THE SENTENCE”
-END
-PRINT W$ “--BEGINS AT CHARACTER NO.” X
-RUN this program a few times. Here’s how it works.
-Say you type in the above sentence, and the word you INPUT for W$ is “IS”. In
-line 30, the Computer then calculates the LENgth of W$ — 2 characters.
-YOUR COMPUTER’S MEMORY
-O S$ ==> HERE IS A STRING
-WS -—=—3 IS
-L a 2
-The Computer then goes through the FOR/NEXT loop (lines 40-90) counting
-each character in S$ beginning with character 1 and ending with character
-number LEN(S$) — 16.
-These types of programs can be used
-to sort through large files of informa- —
-tion. For instance, by separating
-strings, you could look through a
-mailing list for TEXAS addresses.
-Every time it counts a new character, the Computer looks at a new MID string.
-Each MID string begins at character X and is L or 2 characters long.
-For example, when X equals 1, the Computer looks at this MID string:
-Sak
-SE
->
-MID$(S$,1,2)
-Ri E I S A S fa leceR:s il
-The fourth time through the loop, when X equals 4, the Computer looks at this:
-MID$(S$,4,,2)
-It finally finds the MID string it is looking for when X equals 6.
-YOUR COMPUTER CAN BE A TOUGH EDITOR
-“#@b/&$!”
-Are you beginning to get a picture of the Computer hacking away at your
-sentences with a red pen? You can program it to help refine your writing and
-save you hours of typing and rewriting.
-Say you had a phrase you want to add to:
-A$ = “CHANGE A SENTENCE.”
-Add to this one-line program so that the Computer will insert these words at
-the beginning of the sentence:
-IT’S EASY TO
-and PRINT the new sentence:
-IT’S EASY TO CHANGE A SENTENCE
-This is our program:
-A$ “CHANGE A SENTENCE.”
-BS “IT'S: EASY TO”
-C$ = BS ape NUE A$
-PRINT C$
-Now see if you can add to the program to get the Computer to:
-. Find the beginning location of the MID string:
-A SENTENCE
-. Delete the words A SENTENCE, forming a new string:
-IT’S EASY TO CHANGE
-. Add these words to the end of the new string:
-ANYTHING YOU WANT
-. And PRINT the newly formed string:
-IT’S EASY TO CHANGE ANYTHING YOU WANT
-HINT: To form the string IT’S EASY TO CHANGE, you need to get the LEFT portion of
-the string IT’S EASY TO CHANGE A SENTENCE.
-CEs ine ewe: 6 wcare 0} wate, Siete.» le ele pues ib! %, His, bu 6 fale, shiek or/Ole: 6 allele 6 lo te: > Wie pe, Bre. e110 9) e)fei @: ois/ale 6 Stew) ejetie el S)roeWa eis) (overs) ae [ipirevenelfe: eee eye Fe S's (6: 81 8 1S: Sie: 4) 9) 6:
-Answer:
-A$ = “CHANGE A SENTENCE.”
-°: BS! = “EWS EASY: 107
-C$ = BS + “” + AG
-PRINT C$
-Y = LEN (“A SENTENCE”)
-FOR X = 1 TO LEN(C$) :
-IF MID$ (C$,X,Y) = “A SENTENCE” THEN 90
-NEXT X
-END a
-D$ = LEFT$ (C$,X - 1)
-E$ = D$ + “ANYTHING YOU WANT”
-PRINT E$
-IF YOU LIKE A CHALLENGE, TRY a ih
-Write a program in which:
-. The Computer asks you to INPUT:
-a. a sentence
-b. a phrase within the sentence to delete
-c. a new phrase to replace the deleted phrase
-. The Computer then PRINTs a new sentence with your change intact.
-This may take a while, but you have everything you need to write it. Our
-answer is in the back of the book:
-LEN
-LEFT$
-RIGHT$
-MID$
-NOTES:
-NOTES:
-| aaa
-Dense
-i va
-===== CHAPTER 13 =====
-BEAT THE COMPUTER
-BEAT THE COMPUTER
-You'll find the Computer much more adept by getting it to constantly watch
-and react to everything you do. By “watching you”, we mean watching the
-keyboard to see if you are pressing something. The word INKEY$ makes this
-possible.
-Type this:
-A$ = INKEYS
-IF A$ <>‘”’ GOTO 50
-PRINT “YOU PRESSED NOTHING”
-GOTO 10
-PRINT “THE KEY YOU PRESSED IS---” AS
-Press a key while RUNning this program.
-INKEY$ tells the Computer to look at the keyboard to see if you have pressed
-anything. The Computer does this with super-speed. You will have pressed
-absolutely nothing for at least the first 20 times the Computer checks.
-The Computer labels this key, or this non-key (“”), A$. Then the Computer
-makes its decision:
-If A$ equals “” — nothing — the Computer prints “YOU PRESSED NOTH-
-ING” and goes back up to line 10 to check the keyboard again.
-Remember what <> means? (It
-means “not equal to”)
-er)
-means an empty string — nothing
-However, if A$ equals something, the Computer goes to line 50 and prints the
-key.
-For a constant look-out, type this and RUN the program:
-GOTO 10
-No matter how quick you are, the Computer is much faster! Erase line 30 to see
-what keys you’re pressing.
-AN ELECTRONIC PIANO
-Try using INKEY$ to make a piano out of your keyboard. Look at that table in
-the Appendix, “Musical Tone Numbers’. It lists these as the tones for middle C
-through the next higher C:
-C - 89 E-125 G - 147 B-170
-D - 108 F - 133 A-159 C-176
-We can tell the Computer that if you press a certain key it should SOUND one
-of these tones. Erase your program and type:
-A$ = INKEY$
-IF A$ = “” THEN 10
-IF A$ = “A” THEN T = 89
-IF A$ =“S” THEN T = 108
-IF A$ =“D” THEN T = 125
-IF A$ = “F” THEN T = 133
-IF AS = “G” THEN T = 147
-IF A$ = “H” THEN T = 159
-IF A$ = “J” THEN T = 170
-IF A$ = “K” THEN T = 176
-IF T =O THEN 10
-SOUNDT,5
-T=0
-GOTO 10
-RUN the program . . . Well, what are you waiting for? Play a tune. Type any of
-the keys on the third row down on your keyboard — from A to K.
-Why wouldn’t the program work right if you use INPUT rather than INKEY$?
-If you use INPUT the Computer will wait until you press (ENTER) before
-acknowledging what you type. With INKEY$, it sees everything you type.
-There’s another way of writing this program using READ and DATA lines. Do
-you know how this would be done?
-This is what we came up with:
-A$ = INKEY$
-FORX =1T08
-READ B§, T
-IF A$ = B$ THEN SOUNDT,5
-NEXT X
-RESTORE
-GOTO 10
-DATA A, 89, S, 108
-DATA D, 125, F, 133
-DATA G, 147, H, 159
-DATA J, 170, K, 176
-How would this change the program?
-SOUND T, 1
-Using these DATA and READ lines
-will make it easier for you to add more
-tones to your Computer’s repertoire.
-BEAT THE COMPUTER
-Type this program:
-X = RND(4)
-Y = RND(4)
-PRINT “WHAT IS” X “+” Y
-T=0
-A$ = INKEY$
-T=T+1
-SOUND 128, 1
-IF T = 15 THEN 200
-IF AS = ‘”’ THEN 50
-GOTO 10
-CLS(7)
-SOUND 180, 30
-PRINT “TOO LATE”
-Here’s what the program tells the Computer to do:
-Lines 10, 20, and 30 gets the Computer to pick two random numbers and
-ask you what their sum is.
-Line 40 sets T to 0. We will use T as a timer.
-Line 50 gives you your first chance to answer the question — in one
-minute split second.
-Line 60 adds 1 to the timer. T now equals 1. The next time the Computer
-gets to line 60 it again adds 1 to the timer to make T equal 2. Everytime
-the Computer executes line 60 it will add 1 to T.
-Line 70’s just there to make you nervous.
-Line 80 tells the Computer you have 15 chances to answer. Once T equals
-, time’s up. The Computer will insult you with lines 200, 210, and 220.
-Line 90 says if you haven’t answered yet to go back and give you another
-chance.
-The Computer only gets to line 100 if you do answer. It will go back for
-another problem.
-How would you get the Computer to give you three times as much time to
-answer each question?
-Answer:
-By changing this line:
-IF T = 45 THEN 200
-CHECKING YOUR ANSWERS
-How would you get the Computer to check to see if your answer is correct?
-Would this work?
-IF A$ = X + Y THEN 130
-PRINT “WRONG”, X “+ Y “="X + Y
-: GOTO 10
-PRINT “CORRECT”
-GOTO 10
-If you RUN this program (and answer on time), you'll get this error message:
-?TM ERROR IN 100
-That’s because you can’t make A$, a string, equal to X + Y,numbers. You have
-to somehow change A$ to a number.
-Fortunately, your Computer has a way of doing this. Change line 100 by typing:
-IF VAL(A$) = X + Y THEN 130
-VAL(A$) turns A$ into its numeric VALue. If A$ equals the string “5”;
-VAL(A$) equals the number 5. (However, if VAL(A$) equals the string “C”;
-VAL(A$) equals 0 since “C” has no numeric value.)
-Remember the problem of mixing
-strings with numbers. Chapter 2 will
-refresh your memory.
-For those that want to make the program a bit more challenging, change these
-lines:
-X = RND(49) + 4
-Y = RND(49) + 4
-BS = BS + A$
-IF VAL(B$) = X + Y THEN 130
-And add these lines:
-B$ = ws
-IF LEN(B$) <> 2 THEN 50
-A COMPUTER TYPING TEST
-Here’s a program that will get the Computer to time how fast you type:
-"90
-"100
-*110
-CLS
-INPUT “PRESS <ENTER> WHEN READY TO TYPE THIS PHRASE”; E$
-PRINT “NOW IS THE TIME FOR ALL GOOD MEN”
-T=1
-A$ = INKEY$
-IF A$ = ‘“”’ THEN 100
-PRINT A$;
-BS = BS + A$
-IF LEN(B$) = 32 THEN 120
-T= T+ 1
-GOTO 50
-S = T/74
-M = S/60
-= 8/M
-PRINT
-PRINT “YOU TYPED AT —“R”’—WDS/MIN”
-Here’s how this program works:
-In line 40, we set the timer — T — to 1.
-Line 50 gives you your first opportunity to type a key — A$. If you’re not quick
-enough, line 60 sends the Computer directly to line 100 and adds 1 to the
-timer.
-Line 70 prints the key you typed.
-Line 80 forms a string named B$. Each time you type a key (A$), it will be
-added to B$. For example, if the first key you type is “N”, then:
-AS = “NY!
-and
-BS = B$ + A$
-B$ = wa + NGS
-B$ = “N’’
-If the next key you type is “O”, then:
-AS = MO!*
-and
-BS = BS + A$
-B$ = MAI + Me
-BS = “NO”
-And if the third key you type is “W”, then:
-A$ = “yw!
-and
-BS = “NO” + “W’
-BS = “NOW”
-When the LENgth of B$ equals 32 characters (the length of “NOW IS THE
-TIME FOR ALL GOOD MEN”), the Computer assumes you've finished
-typing the phrase and goes to line 120 to compute your words per minute.
-Di isc We calculate the words per minute in lines 120, 130, and 140 by dividing T by
-BRO FESS 74 (to get the seconds), S by 60 (to get the minutes), and then dividing the 8
-| a words by M to get the rate of words per minute.
-Change this program to get the Computer to check to see if you made a
-typographical error.
-Our answer is in the back of this book.
-INKEY$
-VAL
-: NOTES:
-===== WHAT NOW? =====
-Congratulations! By now, you should feel in full control of your Computer. You might be so busy
-writing programs that you don’t want to read anything else yet.
-It’s only fair to tell you that there are other BASIC words we haven’t covered. They are all listed
-on your Quick Reference Card.
-If you want more complete instructions on how to program, Radio Shack has plenty of good books:
-BASIC Computer Language—catalog number 62-2016
-BASIC Computer Programming—catalog number 62-2015
-Level II Programming—catalog number 62-2061
-Level II Programming Techniques—catalog number 62-2062
-TRS-80 Assembly Language Programming—catalog number 62-2006
-Understanding Digital Computers—catalog number 62-2027
-Understanding Solid-State Electronics—catalog number 62-2035
-These books are written at all different levels. Browse through them at your Radio Shack store to
-see which are best for you.
-===== APPENDIX A =====
-MUSICAL TONES
-Your Computer can come fairly close to matching (although it can’t exactly
-match) the musical tones shown below. You may either use the piano keyboard
-or the musical staff to produce electronic music.
-If you’re using the piano keyboard, the Computer tone for each key is directly
-over the key. For example, the Computer tone number for Middle C is 89.
-If youre using the musical staff, the tone number for each note is below the
-note. For example the tone number for:
-is 108.
-a Oo oO
-EB) OD ani by gy SS BST Ss 3) 88.088 Rk me! BoB Se
-Ww - o + ow © w © oOo - - - - - r _ - - + ~ - tr - -
-MIDDLE
-Ee eB be (ee Ber oR Wel Ae DfEE
-If the note is a flat, select the tone number immediately preceeding the note.
-For example:
-is 99.
-If the note is a sharp, select the tone number immediately following the note.
-For example:
-ISsLL7:
-Chapter 5 shows how to program the Computer to play a song.
-eR oO bn OMI =< EOE <a SRA 9 o co - © w - a - N + © R/O a - WN o
-o °o o oO r rr xn N A N N Oo oO oO oO © |S eh i
-- aS A AN DW DW xn A WA A AW N NWN AA AA Nn AA AAW
-===== APPENDIX B =====
-BASIC COLORS
-These are the codes for each of the 9 colors you can create on the TRS-80
-COLOR COMPUTER:
-- black
-- green
-- yellow
-- blue
-- red
-- buff
-- cyan
-- magenta
-- orange
-The color might vary in shade from these, depending on your T.V.
-Color 0 is actually an absence of color. When using SET for graphics, color 0
-will leave the cell’s color unchanged.
-===== APPENDIX C =====
-PRINT @ SCREEN LOCATIONS
-GRAPHICS SCREEN LOCATIONS
-A
-===== APPENDIX E =====
-ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
-CHAPTER 4
-SOUNDing tones from bottom of range to top and back to
-bottom:
-FOR X = 1 T0.255
-SOUND X,1
-NEXT X
-AO. FOR: Ai =o 255) 70: Li STEP (—1
-SOUND X,1
-NEXT X
-CHAPTER 5
-Lines added to clock program:
-: FOR ‘T= 200'.T0,210)STEP'5
-SOUND T, 1
-: NEXT)
-FOR T = 210 TO 200 STEP —5
-SOUND T, 1
-NEXT T
-Program which Shows 9 colors for 1 second each:
-FOR C = 070 8
-CLS(C)
-FOR X = 1 TO 460
-NEXT X
-NEXT C
-CHAPTER 7
-Craps Game
-CLS
-A RND(6)
-B RND(6)
-R=A+.B
-PRINT @ 200, A
-PRINT @ 214, B
-PRINT @ 394, “YOU ROLLED A” R
-IF R = 2 THEN 500
-IF R = 3 THEN 500
-IF R = 12 THEN 500
-IF R = 7 THEN 600
-IF R = 11 THEN 600
-FOR X = 1 TO 800
-NEXT X
-CLS
-PRINT @ 195, “ROLL ANOTHER” R “AND YOU WIN‘
-PRINT @ 262, “ROLL A 7 AND YOU LOSE”
-PRINT @ 420, “PRESS <ENTER> WHEN READY’
-PRINT @ 456, “FOR YOUR NEXT ROLL”
-INPUT A$
-X = RND(€)
-Y = RND&(€)
-Z=X+Y
-CLS
-PRINT @ 200, X
-PRINT @ 214, Y
-PRINT @ 394, “YOU ROLLED A” Z
-IF Z = R THEN 500
-IF Z = 7 THEN 600
-GOTO 180
-FOR X = 1 TO 1000
-NEXT X
-CLS
-PRINT @ 230, “YOU'RE THE WINNER”
-PRINT @ 294, “CONGRATULATIONS!!!”
-GOTO 630
-FOR X = 1 TO 1000
-NEXT X
-CLS
-PRINT @ 264, “SORRY, YOU LOSE”
-PRINT @ 458, “GAME’S OVER”
-Russian Roulette program:
-FOR N = 117010
-PRINT “CHOOSE YOUR CHAMBER(1-10)”
-INPUT X
-IF X = RND(10) THEN 100
-SOUND 200, 1
-PRINT “—CLICK—”
-NEXT N
-CLS
-PRINT @ 230, “CONGRATULATIONS!!!”
-PRINT @ 265, “YOU MANAGED”
-PRINT @ 296, “TO STAY ALIVE”
-END
-FOR T = 133 TO 1 STEP —5
-PRINT “BANG!!!!1”
-SOUND T, 1
-" “NEXT: 7
-CLS
-PRINT @ 230, “SORRY, YOU’RE DEAD”
-SOUND 1, 50
-PRINT @ 390, “NEXT VICTIM, PLEASE”
-CHAPTER 10
-Test
-OF
-o9
-Your Arithmetic Program
-CLS
-PRINT @ 230, “YOUR NAME”;
-INPUT N$
-CLS
-ToS Tie
-X = RND(100)
-Y = RND(100)
-PRINT @ 228, “WHAT IS” X “4” Y;
-INPUT A
-IF A = X + Y THEN 82
-PRINT @ 326, “THE ANSWER IS” X + Y
-PRINT @ 385, “BETTER LUCK NEXT TIME,” N$
-GOTO 100
-CLS(7)
-FOR M = 1104
-SOUND 175, 1
-SOUND 200, 1
-NEXT M
-CLS
-PRINT @ 232, “CORRECT,” N$ “II!”
-C= iti4 1
-PRINT @ 299, “THAT IS”
-PRINT @ 322, C “OUT OF” T “CORRECT ANSWERS”
-PRINT @ 362, C/T*100 “% CORRECT”
-PRINT @ 420, “PRESS <ENTER> WHEN READY”
-PRINT @ 458, “FOR ANOTHER”
-INPUT A$
-GOTO 10
-CHAPTER 11 CHAPTER 13
-Table of Squares Computer Typing Test
-D\/CLS 10; CLS
-PRINT @ 38, “TABLE OF SQUARES” 20 INPUT “PRESS <ENTER> WHEN READY TO TYPE
-PRINT THIS PHRASE”; E$
-P =2 30 PRINT “NOW IS THE TIME FOR ALL GOOD MEN”
-FOR N =2 TO 10 40: T’="1
-GOSUB 2000 50 AS = INKEY$
-: PRINT Nie Ae Ee. 60 IF A$ = ‘” THEN 100
-NEXT N 70 PRINT A$;
-END 80 BS = BS + A$
-REM FORMULA FOR RAISING A NUMBER TO 90 IF LEN(B$) = 32 THEN 120
-A POWER 100 T= 7T +51
-B= 110 GOTO 50
-, FOR! X= Ji FOeP 120 S = T/74
-Eva 76: 2 oN 130 M = S/60
-NEXT X 140 R = 8/M
-IF P = 0 THEN E = 1 142 FOR X = 1 TO 32
-RETURN 144 IF MIDS(“NOW IS THE TIME FOR ALL GOOD
-MEN”,X,1) <> MID$(B$,X,1) THEN E = E + 1
-CHAPTER 12 146 NEXT X
-Editing a Sentence 150 PRINT
-PRINT “YOU TYPED AT—” R ‘“—WDS/MIN”
-‘PRINT. “TYPE A. SENTENCE ;’':;S$ 170 PRINT “WITH” E “ERRORS”
-INPUT S$
-PRINT “TYPE A PHRASE TO DELETE”
-INPUT D$
-L = LEN(D$)
-PRINT “TYPE A REPLACEMENT PHRASE”
-INPUT R$
-FOR X = 1 TO LEN(SS)
-IF MID$(S$,X,L) = D$ THEN 100
-NEXT X
-PRINT D$ “— IS NOT IN YOUR SENTENCE”
-GOTO 20
-E = X — 1 + LEN(D$)
-NS$ = LEFT$(S$,X—1) + R$ + RIGHTS(S$,LEN(S$)
-Sue
-PRINT “NEW SENTENCE IS :” ad
-PRINT NS$
-APPENDIX F
-===== SAMPLE PROGRAMS =====
-SPEED READING MUSIC COMPOSER
-INPUT “LENGTH(1-10)”; M
-REM * SPEED READING * 25. M.=.M-*'4
-CLS : PRINT @ 32, ‘HOW MANY WORDS PER MINUTE” 30 INPUT “TEMPO (1-4)”; T1
-INPUT “DO YOU READ’; WPM 40 .IF Tl = 4 THEN 60
-FOR X = 1 TO 23 50°. T.. = -TL ="GOT0::70
-REM (23 LINES OF TEXT) 60: T= 8
-READ A$ : PRINT @ 256, A$ 70° -FOR-K, =: 70) M*8
-FOR Y = 1 TO (360/WPM) * 460 : NEXT Y 80 GOSUB 1000
-REM Y LOOP SETS LINES/MINUTE 90: B. = -RNDG)* FT
-NEXT X : END 100 SOUND P, B
-DATA SCARLETT OHARA WAS NOT BEAUTIFUL 110 CLS(S)
-DATA BUT MEN SELDOM REALIZED IT WHEN 120 NEXT K
-DATA CAUGHT BY HER OWN CHARM AS THE 130 IF RND(10) <=8 THEN 150
-DATA TARLETON TWINS WERE. IN HER FACE 140 SOUND 125, 16*T
-DATA WERE TOO SHARPLY BLENDED 145 END
-DATA THE DELICATE FEATURES OF HER 150 SOUND 90, 16*T
-DATA MOTHER, A COAST ARISTOCRAT OF 160 END
-DATA FRENCH DESCENT, AND THE HEAVY 1000 X = RND(100)
-DATA ONES OF HER FLORID IRISH FATHER 1010 IF X <= 20 AND X <= 25 THEN P = 90:S = 1
-DATA BUT IT WAS AN ARRESTING FACE, 1020 IF X > 20 AND X <= 25 THEN P = 108: S = 2
-DATA POINTED OF CHIN, SQUARE OF JAW 1030 IF X > 25 AND X <= 40 THEN P = 125: 5S = 3
-DATA HER EYES WERE PALE GREEN 1040 IF X > 40 AND X <= 55 THEN P = 133: S = 4
-DATA WITHOUT A TOUCH OF HAZEL, 1050 IF X > 55 AND X <= 75 THEN P = 147:S = 5
-DATA STARRED WITH BRISTLY BLACK 1060 IF X > 75 AND X <= 85 THEN P = 159: S = 6
-DATA LASHES AND SLIGHTLY TILTED 1070 IF X > 85 AND X <= 95 THEN P = 176:S = 7
-DATA THE ENDS, ABOVE THEM, HER THICK 1080 IF X > 95 THEN P = 58:S = 8
-DATA BLACK BROWS SLANTED UPWARDS, 1090 RETURN
-DATA CUTTING A STARTLING OBLIQUE LINE
-DATA IN HER MAGNOLIA-WHITE SKIN—THAT
-DATA SKIN SO PRIZED BY SOUTHERN WOMEN
-DATA AND SO CAREFULLY GUARDED WITH
-DATA BONNETS, VEILS, AND MITTENS
-DATA AGAINST HOT GEORGIA SUNS.
-—
-READY, AIM, FIRE
-CLS : PRINT
-PRINT “HIT ‘Z’ KEY TO AIM LEFT”
-PRINT “HIT Y’ KEY TO AIM RIGHT”
-PRINT “HIT SPACE BAR TO FIRE”
-FOR K = 1 TO 3000 : NEXT K
-CLS(0)
-CA = 464
-PRINT @ CA, “*”;
-PRINT @ 495, “***"
-PRINT @ 32, “ ”
-F=0
-PRINT @ 32 +1* 4,” i
-IF 1 > 6 THEN I = 0
-I = I + RND(1O)/10
-PRINT @ 32 + 1 * 4, \—>";
-IF F = 0 THEN 500
-RESET(MX,MY)
-MX = MX — MD
-MY = MY - 8
-IF MX < 1 THEN 110
-IF MX > 63 THEN 110
-IF MY > 2 THEN SET(MX,MY,5) : GOTO 120
-IF ABS(I*8-MX) > 4 THEN 110
-FOR J = 1106
-PRINT @ 32+4*], “****”;
-FOR K = 1 TO 50
-NEXT K
-PRINT @ 32 + 1* 4 ™ u
-FOR K = 1 TO 50
-NEXT K
-NEXT J
-FOR K = 200 TO 10 STEP -3
-SOUND K, 1
-NEXT K
-FOR K = 1 T0 7 : CLS(K)
-FOR KK = 1 TO 50: NEXT KK
-NEXT K
-CLS(0)
-GOTO 60
-Y$ = INKEY$
-IF F = 1 THEN END
-) TE Ye rhe THEN: 550
-IF CA < 462 THEN 120
-PRINT @ CA, CHR$(160);
-CA = CA - 1
-GOTO 580
-° IF Y$ <>'"Y" THEN 590
-IF CA > 466 THEN 120
-PRINT @ CA, CHR$(160);
-CA = CA + 1
-PRINT @ CA, “*”; : GOTO 120
-BIO RAY Seer he THEN 120
-F = 1: MD = 464 — CA: MY = 20
-MX = 32 — 3 * MD: SET(MX,MY,3) : GOTO 120
-END
-KALEIDOSCOPE
-CLS(O)
-X = RND(32) —- 1
-Y = RND(16) —- 1
-Z = RND(Y) - 1
-GOSUB 90
-GOTO 20
-IF Z = O THEN 150
-IF RND(7) = 3 THEN 150
-LOG: SETS) 164) 2)
-; SERGE X15 V 2)
-D SRT AK, 16 ¥)) 2)
-; SETG2+%; 15 'Y,, Z)
-RETURN
-’: RESERGI— xX, 16+ Y)
-: RESET(31— X;,15.--Y)
-RESET(32+X, 16+Y)
--RESETG2+X, 15~Y)
-RETURN
-===== APPENDIX G =====
-ERROR MESSAGES
-The shaded errors are the errors you are most likely to come across while going through this
-book. While you might get some of the non-shaded errors, they are usually caused by more
-advanced programming techniques.
-AO Attempt to open a data file which is already open.
-BS Bad subscript. The subscripts in an array are out of range. Use DIM to dimension the
-array. For example, if you have A(12) in your program, without a preceeding DIM line
-which dimensions array A for 12 or more elements, you will get this error.
-CN Can’t continue. If you use the command CONT and you are at the END of the program,
-you will get this error.
-DD Attempt to redimension an array. An array can only be dimensioned once. For example,
-you cannot have DIM A(12) and DIM A(50) in the same program.
-DN Device number error. Only three devices may be used with OPEN, CLOSE, PRINT, or
-INPUT: 0, —1, or — 2. If you use another number you will get this error.
-FD Bad file data. This error occurs when you PRINT data to a file, or INPUT data from the
-file, using the wrong type of variable for the corresponding data. For example, INPUT
-# —1, A, when the data in the file is a string, causes this error.
-FM Bad file mode. This error occurs when you attempt to INPUT data from a file OPEN for
-OUTPUT (0), or PRINT data into a file OPEN for INPUT (I).
-|
-IE Input past end of file. Use EOF to check to see when you’ve reached the me of the file.
-When you have, CLOSE it.
-NO File not open. You cannot input or output data to a file until you have OPENed it.
-===== APPENDIX H =====
-BASIC- SUMMARY
-This appendix contains the BASIC words, keyboard characters, symbols, and operators that we’ve explained
-in this book. For a complete listing of them, see the COLOR BASIC Quick Reference Card.
-BASIC WORDS
-WORD
-CLOAD
-CLS
-CSAVE
-DATA
-END
-FOR. .TO
-STEP/
-NEXT
-GOSUB
-GOTO
-PURPOSE
-Loads the first program from
-cassette tape. You may specify
-the name of the program.
-Clears the screen to green, or
-to the color code you specify.
-See Appendix B for a list of
-the color codes.
-Saves a program on cassette
-tape. You may use a program
-name with up to 8 letters.
-Stores data in your program.
-Use READ to assign this data
-to variables.
-Ends your program.
-..Creates a loop in your program
-which the Computer must repeat
-from the first number to the
-last number you specify. You may
-use STEP to specify how much to
-increment the number each time
-through the loop. If you omit
-STEP, 1 is the increment.
-Sends the Computer to the
-subroutine beginning at the line
-number you specify.
-Sends the Computer to the line
-number you specify.
-CHAPTER
-EXAMPLES DISCUSSED
-CLOAD 8
-CLOAD “PROGRAM”
-CLS 1
-CLS(2)
-CSAVE 8
-CSAVE “PROGRAM”
-DATA 5, 3, PEARS 10
-DATA PAPER, PEN
-END 6
-FOR X = 2705 4&5
-/NEXT X
-FOR A=1 TO 10 STEP5
-/NEXT A
-FOR M = 30 TO 15 STEP —5
-NEXT M
-GOSUB 500 11
-GOSUB 5000
-GOTO 300 3
-IF/THEN
-INKEY$
-INPUT
-INT
-JOYSTK
-LIST
-NEW
-PEEK
-PRINT
-PRINT @
-READ
-Tests the relationship. If it
-is true, the Computer executes
-the instruction following THEN.
-Strobes the keyboard and returns
-the key or non-key being pressed.
-Causes the Computer to stop and
-await input from the keyboard.
-Converts a number to an integer.
-Returns the horizontal or
-vertical coordinate of the left
-or right joystick:
-—horizontal, left joystick
-—vertical, left joystick
-—horizontal, right joystick
-—vertical, right joystick
-Lists the entire program, or
-the lines in the program you
-specify.
-Erases everything in memory.
-Returns the contents in the
-memory location you specify.
-Prints the message you specify
-on the video screen.
-Prints your message at the
-screen position you specify.
-See Appendix C for the screen
-positions.
-Reads the next item in the DATA
-line and assigns it to the
-variable you specify.
-IF A=5 THEN 300
-IF BS=“YES” THEN
-PRINT “XYZ”
-A$= INKEY$
-INPUT X$
-INPUT “NAME”; N$
-X= INT(5.2)
-M=JOYSTK(O)
-H = JOYSTK(2)
-LIST
-LIST 50-85
-LIST 30
-LIST —30
-LIST 30-—
-NEW
-A= PEEK(32076)
-PRINT “HI”
-PRINT A$ PRINT A
-PRINT “HI”, 256
-PRINT A$, 331
-READ A$
-READ C, B
-&11
-REM
-RESET
-RESTORE
-RETURN
-RND
-RUN
-SET
-SKIPF
-SOUND
-VAL
-Allows you to insert a comment
-in your program. The Computer
-ignores everything on a REM line.
-Erases the dot SET on the screen
-location you specify. See
-Appendix D for the screen
-locations.
-Sets the Computer’s pointer back
-to the first item on the DATA
-lines.
-Returns the Computer from the
-subroutine to the BASIC word
-following GOSUB.
-Returns a random integer between
-and the number you specify.
-Executes a program.
-Sets a dot at the screen location
-you specify, using the color you
-specify. See Appendix D for the
-screen locations and Appendix B
-for the color codes.
-Skips to the end of the next
-program on cassette tape, or
-to the end of the program you
-specify.
-Sounds the tone you specify for
-the duration you specify. Both
-the tone and the duration may be
-a number between 1 and 255.
-Converts a string to a number.
-REM THIS IS IGNORED
-RESET(14,15)
-RESTORE
-RETURN
-A=RND(10)
-RUN
-SET(14,13,3)
-SKIPF
-SKIPF “PROGRAM”
-SOUND 128, 3
-A=VAL(B$)
-tt
-&5
-KEYBOARD CHARACTERS BASIC OPERATORS
-CHAPTER CHAPTER
-CHARACTER PURPOSE ; DISCUSSED OPERATOR PURPOSE DISCUSSED
-& Backspaces the cursor 1 + Combines strings 12
-(the blinking light) He Addition 1
-ENTER Tells Computer you’ve reached 1&3 re Subtraction 1
-the end of your program line * Multiplication 1
-or command line. / Division 1
-; = Equals 1
-BREAK Stops execution of your program. 3 se Gééeater Than 9
-Pauses execution of your program. 4 >= or => Greater than or equal to 9
-Press any key to continue. <= or =< Less than or equal to 9
-Less than 9
-<> or >< Not equal to 13
-BASIC SYMBOLS
-CHAPTER
-SYMBOL EXPLANATION DISCUSSED
-Rei Indicates that the data in 1
-quotes is a constant.
-Separates program “statements” 11
-on the same line.
-G) Tells the Computer to perform 11
-the operation in the inside
-parenthesis first.
-NOTES:
-NOTES:
-NOTES:
-NOTES:
-NOTES:
-NOTES: |
-NOTES:
-===== RADIO SHACK SOFTWARE LICENSE =====
-The following are the terms and conditions of the Radio Shack Software License for copies of Radio Shack
-software either purchased by the customer, or received with or as part of hardware purchased by customer:
-A. Radio Shack grants to CUSTOMER a personal, non-exclusive, paid up license to use the Radio Shack
-computer software programs received. Title to the media on which the software is recorded (cassette
-and/or disk) or stored (ROM) is transferred to the CUSTOMER, but not title to the software.
-B. Inconsideration for this license, CUSTOMER shall not reproduce copies of such software programs except
-to produce the number of copies required for personal use by CUSTOMER (if the software allows a backup
-copy to be made), and to include Radio Shack’s copyright notice on all copies of programs reproduced in
-whole or in part.
-C. CUSTOMER may resell Radio Shack’s system and applications software (modified or not, in whole or in
-part), provided CUSTOMER has purchased one copy of the software for each one resold. The provisions of
-this Software License (paragraphs A, B, and C) shall also be applicable to third parties purchasing such
-software from CUSTOMER.
-IMPORTANT NOTE
-All Radio Shack computer programs are licensed on an ‘‘as is’’ basis without warranty.
-Radio Shack shall have no liability or responsibility to customer or any other person or entity with respect to
-any liability, loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by computer equipment or
-programs sold by Radio Shack, including but not limited to any interruption of service, loss of business or
-anticipatory profits or consequential damages resulting from the use or operation of such computer or
-computer programs.
-Good data processing procedure dictates that the user test the program, run and test sample sets of data, and
-run the system in parallel with the system previously in use for a period of time adequate to insure that results
-of operation of the computer or program are satisfactory.
-RADIO SHACK Ba A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION
-U.S.A. CANADA
-FORT WORTH, TEXAS 76102 BARRIE, ONTARIO, L4M4W5
-TANDY CORPORATION
-AUSTRALIA BELGIUM UNITED KINGDOM
--316 VICTORIA ROAD PARC INDUSTRIEL NANINNE _ BILSTON ROAD, WEDNESBURY
-RYDAMERE, N.S.W. 2116 5140 NANINNE WEST MIDLANDS WS10 7JN

Color Computers

User Tools

Site Tools

Differences

Page Tools